The Baltic states of the Three Seas Initiative: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in creative relations with the United Arab Emirates
Abstract
The presented manuscript deals with three Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) that are part of the Three Seas Initiative in the context of cooperation with the United Arab Emirates. The research’s goal is analysis the larger dimension of Three Seas Initiative and its creative role and importance in the international arena, including the Middle East. In this sense, this paper asks a research question of whether the relations between Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the United Arab Emirates have the potential for deeper and broader creative dynamics of their cooperation. The presented article is the first research work of this type. Thus, it fills a gap in the literature and analyses concerning relations between the Baltic states and the United Arab Emirates. This work is primarily base on empirical research conducted for ten years. In addition, the author used his own creative experience, including as an Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates (2011–2015) or Senior advisor at Expo 2020 (2016–2018), responsible for strategies and creative development of relations the United Arab Emirates with all the Three Seas Initiative countries, including Baltic states. As a result of the research, the author argues that Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, as a part of the Three Seas Initiative, should make this concept more creative in its external dimension, with the United Arab Emirates. Expo 2020 (1 October, 2021–31 March, 2022) provides an opportunity for creative diplomacy. This event is an occasion to demonstrate joint projects, also in global aspects.
Keyword : Baltic states, creative diplomacy, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Three Seas Initiative, United Arab Emirates
How to Cite
Krzymowski, A. (2022). The Baltic states of the Three Seas Initiative: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in creative relations with the United Arab Emirates. Creativity Studies, 15(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2022.13867
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Emirates News Agency. (2016). UAE, Latvia sign economic cooperation deal. http://wam.ae/en/details/1395295215959
Evans, G., & Grant, B. (1991). Australia’s foreign relations in the world of the 1990s. Melbourne University Press.
Gerner, D. J. (1991). Foreign policy analysis: Renaissance, routine or rubbish. In W. Crotty (Ed.), Political science: Looking to the future. Vol. 2: Comparative politics, policy, and international relations (pp. 123–185). Northwestern University Press.
Gerner, D. J. (1995). The evolution of the study of foreign policy. In L. Neack, J. A. K. Hey, & P. J. Haney (Eds.), Foreign policy analysis: Continuity and change in its second generation (pp. 17–32). Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Government Communication Unit. (2019). Prime minister ratas: We hope to open a direct flight to Dubai soon. Vabariigi Valitsus. https://www.valitsus.ee/en/news/prime-minister-ratas-we-hopeopen-direct-flight-dubai-soon
Hudson, V. M. (2007). Foreign policy analysis: Classic and contemporary theory. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Hyndle-Hussein, J. (2020). Litwa: profil rządu Ingridy Šimonytė. Ośrodek Studiow Wschodnich. https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2020-12-16/litwa-profil-rzadu-ingridy-simonyte
Jakniūnaitė, D. (2018). No good end in sight: The crumbling Iran Nuclear deal. Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review, 37, 45–47.
Jung, B. (2014). Jak mierzyć kreatywność? Przegląd podejść i prób metodologicznych. In A. Zorska, M. Molęda-Zdziech, & B. Jung (Red.), Kreatywność I innowacyjność w erze cyfrowej. Twórcza destrukcja 2, (pp. 61–76). Oficyna Wydawnicza Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie.
Katzenstein, P. J. (1985). Cornell studies in political economy. Small States in world markets: Industrial policy in Europe. P. J. Katzenstein (Ed.). Cornell University Press.
Kodabux, A. (2019). The future of IR lies in creativity rather than “New Thinking”. In E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/80509
Krzymowski, A. (2020a). Expo 2020 Dubai on the journey to achieve the United Arab Emirates’ Soft Superpower. University of Sharjah Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences, 17(2A), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.36394/jhss/17/2A/13
Krzymowski, A. (2020b). Sustainable development goals in Arab Region – United Arab Emirates’ case study. Problems of Sustainable Development, 15(1), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.1.22
Krzymowski, A. (2020c). The European Union and the United Arab Emirates as civilian and soft powers engaged in sustainable development goals. Journal of International Studies, 13(3), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2020/13-3/3
Krzymowski, A. (2020d). The importance of Ukraine’s political and economic relationship with the United Arab Emirates for the Lublin Triangle. Economic Annals-XXI: World Economy and International Economic Relations, 184(7–8), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.21003/ea.V184-02
Krzymowski, A. (2020e). The significance of the Black Sea countries of the three seas initiative relations with the United Arab Emirates. Online Journal Modelling the New Europe, 34, 86–105. https://doi.org/10.24193/OJMNE.2020.34.04
Lingevicius, J. (2020). Identity discourse within a geopolitical crisis: The case of Lithuania. POLITIKON: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science, 44, 26–43. https://doi.org/10.22151/politikon.44.2
Lsm.lv. (2017). President drums up business in Dubai. https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/president/president-drums-up-business-in-dubai.a225581/
Maigre, M. (2015). Estonia: In pursuit of a value-based foreign policy. In J. Forbrig (Ed.), Estonia: A region disunited? Central European responses to the Russia-Ukraine crisis (pp. 16–20). Europe Policy Paper 1. German Marshall Fund of the United States.
Milevski, L. (2020). Latvia’s new state defense concept. Foreign Policy Research Institute. https://www.fpri.org/article/2020/06/latvias-new-state-defense-concept/
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Latvia. (2018). Latvia and the United Arab Emirates Agree on the Need for Convening a Bilateral Economic Council. https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/news/latestnews/59924-latvia-and-theunited-arab-emirates-agree-on-the-need-for-convening-a-bilateraleconomic-council
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Latvia. (2020). Latvia welcomes normalization of relations between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel. https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/article/latviawelcomes-normalization-relations-between-united-arab-emirates-and-state-israel
Neack, L., Hey, J. A. K., & Haney, P. J. (Eds.). (1995). Foreign policy analysis: Continuity and change in its second generation. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Nekrašas, E. (2011). Refleksje Nad Litewską Polityką Zagraniczną. Politeja, 16, 79–94.
Paulauskas, A. (2004). Lithuania’s new foreign policy. Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review, 13–14, 7–16.
Potter, Ph. B. K. (2017). Methods of foreign policy analysis. International Studies Association and Oxford University Press. https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-34
Press Releases, Foreign Affairs Committee. (2020). Foreign Affairs Committee visit to Gulf countries focuses on parliamentary relations and business diplomacy. https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/press-releases/foreign-affairs-committee-en/foreign-affairs-committee-visit-gulf-countries-focuses-parliamentaryrelations-business-diplomacy/
Press Service of the President. (2017). New opportunities open up for Lithuania in the Gulf. President of the Republic of Lithuania. https://www.lrp.lt/en/media-center/news/new-opportunities-open-upfor-lithuania-in-the-gulf/28741
Putnam, R. D. (1988). Diplomacy and domestic politics: The logic of two-level games. International Organization, 42(3), 427–460. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027697
Raik, K. (2020). Estonia in the UN Security Council: The importance and limits of European Cooperation. International Centre for Defence and Security.
Republic of Estonia, Ministry of Defence. (2017). Minister of Defence Margus Tsahkna introduces Estonia’s defence industry in Abu Dhabi. https://kaitseministeerium.ee/en/news/minister-defencemargus-tsahkna-introduces-estonias-defence-industry-abu-dhabi
Republic of Estonia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2020). The speech of Foreign Minister Urmas Reinsalu about Estonian foreign policy in Riigikogu. https://vm.ee/en/news/speech-foreign-minister-urmasreinsalu-about-estonian-foreign-policy-riigikogu
Rostoks, T. (2020). Global processes and Latvian foreign policy in 2019. In A. Sprūds & S. Broka (Eds.), Latvian Foreign and Security Policy: Yearbook 2020 (pp. 33–43). Latvian Institute of International Affairs.
Rothenberg, A., & Hausman, C. R. (1976). Introduction. In A. Rothenberg & C. R. Hausman (Eds.), The creativity question (pp. 3–26). Duke University Press.
Salman, N. (2019. Exclusive: Estonian president says her country and UAE “can help other countries enter digital revolution”. Emirates News Agency. https://www.wam.ae/en/details/1395302785467
Smith, S. (1983). Foreign policy analysis: British and American orientations and methodologies. Political Studies, 31(4), 556–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1983.tb01353.x
Smith, S. (1986). Theories of foreign policy: An historical overview. Review of International Studies, 12(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026021050011410X
Smith, S., Hadfield, A., & Dunne, T. (2016). Introduction. In S. Smith, A. Hadfield & T. Dunne (Eds.), Foreign policy: Theories, actors, cases (pp. 1–12). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198708902.003.0030
Snyder, R. C., Bruck, H. W., & Sapin, B. (1962). Foreign policy decision-making: An approach to the study of international politics. Free Press of Glencoe.
Telecommunications and Digital Government Regulatory Authority. (2016). UAE and Estonia share best smart e-service practices exchange made during visit of UAE delegation. https://tdra.gov.ae/
The Baltic Course: International Magazine for Decision Makers. (2020). Estonia’s Foreign Policy Development Plan until 2030 Unveiled. http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/analytics/?doc=155980
The President’s Communication Group. (2021). The Foreign Policy Coordination Council discussed Lithuania’s key objectives in foreign policy in 2021. President of the Republic of Lithuania. https://www.lrp.lt/en/news/the-foreign-policy-coordination-council-discussed-lithuanias-key-objectivesin-foreign-policy-in-2021/35343
United Arab Emirates Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2020). Lithuanian President hails relations with UAE. Press Arabia. https://pressarabia.qa/lithuanian-president-hails-relations-with-uae/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_a522cf195e262b7219bd2cf44e4830aa06361d0e-1627919463-0-gqNtZGzNAg2jcnBszQii
United Arab Emirates Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. (2017). H. H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed meets with Lithuanian Foreign Minister. https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/Media-Hub/News/years/2017/7/12/12-07-2017-UAE-Lithuania2
United Arab Emirates Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. (2020). Lithuania FM Opens Embassy in Abu Dhabi. https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/MediaHub/News/2020/3/9/09-03-2020-UAE-Lithuania
United Arab Emirates Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. (2016). UAE, Latvia Hold Second Round of Political Consultations in Riga. https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/MediaHub/News/2016/10/15/15-10-2016-UAE-Rega
Vahtla, A. (2018). Tammist meets with UAE Minister of State, talks Expo, flights, IT Companies. Err.ee. https://news.err.ee/888652/tammist-meets-with-uae-minister-of-state-talks-expo-flights-it-companies
WAM, Alfaham, T., & Aamir, M. (2019). Al Bowardi and Estonian Defence Minister Discuss Defence Cooperation. Emirates News Agency. https://wam.ae/en/details/1395302809186
WAM, & Bashir, H. (2018). Al Mansouri meets Estonian PM. Emirates News Agency. http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302686914
WAM, Salman, N., & Bashir, H. (2017). Mohammed bin Rashid meets with Lithuania’s President – Update. Emirates News Agency. http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302643287