Share:


Housing price cycles in Poland – the case of 18 provincial capital cities in 2000–2020

    Radoslaw Trojanek   Affiliation

Abstract

Using a unique dataset of 4,5 million offers, the housing cycles in 18 Polish provincial capitals were identified between 2000 and 2020 before and after the financial crisis. Differences in the course of the cycles depending on spatial diversity are presented, as well as differences in the strength of decreases and increases in individual phases. The examined housing markets in Poland have experienced significant variability in the extent of their cycles. One complete cycle was found in each of the analysed cities. Its average duration was approximately 12 years. In this cycle, residential prices (in real terms) increased by 88% on average, in the upward phase by 158%, while in the downward phase, they decreased by 27% in the cities under study. A correlation was found that implies that the higher the price rises in the upward period, the higher the price correction ensues in the cycle’s downward phase. Moreover, the similarity in fluctuations was present in the metropolitan markets in local housing markets, especially before the financial crisis. Apartment prices continued to grow by 2.9% on average in the real term during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. 

Keyword : housing prices, housing market, housing cycles, COVID-19, Poland

How to Cite
Trojanek, R. (2021). Housing price cycles in Poland – the case of 18 provincial capital cities in 2000–2020. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 25(4), 332–345. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.14920
Published in Issue
Jun 9, 2021
Abstract Views
835
PDF Downloads
674
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Abate, G. D., & Anselin, L. (2016). House price fluctuations and the business cycle dynamics (CREATES Research Paper No. 6). Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University. https://econ.au.dk/fileadmin/site_files/filer_oekonomi/Working_Papers/CREATES/2016/rp16_06.pdf

Adelino, M., Schoar, A., & Severino, F. (2015). House prices, collateral, and self-employment. Journal of Financial Economics, 117(2), 288–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2015.03.005

Agnello, L., Castro, V., & Sousa, R. M. (2020). The housing cycle: what role for mortgage market development and housing finance? Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 61, 607–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-019-09705-z

Ahmed, A., Ardila, D., Sanadgol, D., & Sornette, D. (2016). Comparing ask and transaction prices in the Swiss housing market (Swiss Finance Insitute Research Paper Series No. 16–80). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2894404

Akimov, A., Stevenson, S., & Young, J. (2015). Synchronisation and commonalities in metropolitan housing market cycles. Urban Studies, 52(9), 1665–1682.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014535643

Aladangady, A. (2017). Housing wealth and consumption: evidence from geographically linked microdata. American Economic Review, 107(11), 3415–3446.
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150491

Alm, J., Buschman, R. D., & Sjoquist, D. L. (2011). Rethinking local government reliance on the property tax. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 41(4), 320–331.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2011.03.006

Alm, J., & Leguizamon, J. S. (2017). The housing crisis, foreclosures, and local tax revenues. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 70, 300–311.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.09.006

Alqaralleh, H., & Canepa, A. (2020). Housing market cycles in large urban areas. Economic Modelling, 92, 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2020.01.005

André, C., Gupta, R., & Muteba Mwamba, J. W. (2019). Are housing price cycles asymmetric? Evidence from the US States and metropolitan areas. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 23(1), 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2019.6361

Anenberg, E., & Laufer, S. (2017). A more timely house price index. Review of Economics and Statistics, 99(4), 722–734. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00634

Augustyniak, H., Gajewski, K., Łaszek, J., Olszewski, K., Pawłowska, M., & Widłak, M. (2010). Raport o sytuacji na rynku nieruchomości mieszkaniowych i komercyjnych. Warszawa.

Augustyniak, H., Leszczyński, R., Łaszek, J., Olszewski, K., & Waszczuk, J. (2018). A simple model of the housing market and the detection of cycles. In J. Łaszek, K. Olszewski, & R. Sobiecki (Eds.), Recent trends in the real estate market and its analysis. Oficyna wydawnicza SGH.

Balasubramanyan, L., & Coulson, E. (2013). Do house prices impact business starts? Journal of Housing Economics, 22(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2013.01.001

Bauer, G. H. (2017). International house price cycles, monetary policy and credit. Journal of International Money and Finance, 74, 88–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.03.003

Baum, A. (2001). Evidence of cycles in European commercial real estate markets – and some hypotheses. In A global perspective on real estate cycles (pp. 103–115). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8642-9_6

Bełej, M., Kulesza, S., & Cellmer, R. (2020). Logical homologies between housting prices dynamics and damped harmonic oscillations. Acta Physica Polonica A, 138(1), 89–95.
https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.138.89

Berger, D., Guerrieri, V., Lorenzoni, G., & Vavra, J. (2017). House prices and consumer spending. The Review of Economic Studies, 85(3), 1502–1542. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdx060

Bourassa, S. C., Hoesli, M., Scognamiglio, D. F., & Sormani, P. (2008). Constant-quality house price indexes for Switzerland. Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, 144(4), 561–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399266

Bracke, P. (2013). How long do housing cycles last? A duration analysis for 19 OECD countries. Journal of Housing Economics, 22(3), 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2013.06.001

Bronshtein, G. (2017). The consequences of the housing boom on local government debt (Discussion Paper No. 17–008). Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. https://siepr.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/17-008.pdf

Buiter, W. H. (2008). Housing wealth isn’t wealth (NBER Working Paper Series No. 14204). https://doi.org/10.3386/w14204

Burns, A. F., & Mitchell, W. C. (1946). Measuring business cycles. In NBER books (Vol. 1). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Campbell, J. Y., & Cocco, J. F. (2007). How do house prices affect consumption? Evidence from micro data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 54(3), 591–621.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2005.10.016

Canova, F. (1998). Detrending and business cycle facts. Journal of Monetary Economics, 41(3), 475–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(98)00006-3

Case, K. E., & Shiller, R. J. (1987). Prices of single-family homes since 1970 new index for four cities (Working Paper No. 2393). National Bureau of Economic Research.
https://doi.org/10.3386/w2393

Chakraborty, I., Goldstein, I., & MacKinlay, A. (2014). Do asset price booms have negative real effects? (Jacobs Levy Equity Management Center for Quantitative Financial Research Paper, University of Miami Business School Research Paper No. 3676682). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3676682

Chaney, T., Sraer, D., & Thesmar, D. (2012). The collateral channel: how real estate shocks affect corporate investment. American Economic Review, 102(6), 2381–2409.
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.6.2381

Chang, K. L. (2010). House price dynamics, conditional higherorder moments, and density forecasts. Economic Modelling, 27(5), 1029–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.04.007

Chang, K. L. (2020). Are cyclical patterns of international housing markets interdependent? Economic Modelling, 88, 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.09.002

Chatterjee, S., & Eyigungor, B. (2015). A quantitative analysis of the U.S. housing and mortgage markets and the foreclosure crisis. Review of Economic Dynamics, 18(2), 165–184.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2015.02.004

Chowdhury, A., & Maclennan, D. (2014). Regional house price cycles in the UK, 1978-2012: a Markov switching VAR. Journal of European Real Estate Research, 7(3), 345–366.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JERER-02-2014-0014

Claessens, S., Kose, M. A., & Terrones, M. E. (2012). How do business and financial cycles interact? Journal of International Economics, 87(1), 178–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.11.008

Corradin, S., & Popov, A. (2015). House prices, home equity borrowing, and entrepreneurship. Review of Financial Studies, 28(8), 2399–2428. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhv020

Cuñat, V., Cvijanović, D., & Yuan, K. (2017). Within-bank spillovers of real estate shocks. The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, 7(2), 157–193. https://doi.org/10.1093/rcfs/cfy001

Cunningham, R., & Kolet, I. (2011). Housing market cycles and duration dependence in the United States and Canada. Applied Economics, 43(5), 569–586.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840802584927

Czerski, J., Głuszak, M., & Zygmunt, R. (2017). Repeat sales index for residential real estate in Krakow (Working Paper No. 29). Institute of Economic Research.

de Bandt, O., Knetsch, T., Peñalosa, J., & Zollino, F. (Eds.). (2010). Housing markets in Europe. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15340-2

Doerner, W. M., & Ihlanfeldt, K. R. (2011). House prices and city revenues. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 41(4), 332–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2011.02.004

Drehmann, M., Borio, C., & Tsatsaronis, K. (2012). Characterising the financial cycle: don’t lose sight of the medium term! (BIS Working Papers No. 380). http://ideas.repec.org/p/bis/biswps/380.html

European Systemic Risk Board. (2016). Vulnerabilities in the EU residential real estate sector. https://www.esrb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/reports/161128_vulnerabilities_eu_residential_real_estate_sector.en.pdf

Fan, Y., Yang, Z., & Yavas, A. (2019). Understanding real estate price dynamics: the case of housing prices in five major cities of China. Journal of Housing Economics, 43, 37–55.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2018.09.003

Fort, T. C., Haltiwanger, J., Jarmin, R. S., & Miranda, J. (2013). How firms respond to business cycles: the role of firm age and firm size (NBER Working Paper Series No. 19134).
https://doi.org/10.3386/w19134

Funke, M., Kirkby, R., & Mihaylovski, P. (2017). House prices and macroprudential policy in an estimated DSGE model of New Zealand (SEF Working Paper No. 9). https://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/6354/Working%20Paper.pdf?sequence=1

Girouard, N., & Blöndal, S. (2001). House prices and economic activity. OECD Publishing.

Girouard, N., Kennedy, M., & Noord, P. van den. (2005). Recent house price developments: the role of fundamentals. In OECD Economic Outlook (Vol. 2005, pp. 123–154). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/eco_outlook-v2005-2-38-en

Goodhart, C., & Hofmann, B. (2008). House prices, money, credit, and the macroeconomy. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 24(1), 180–205. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grn009

Goodman, C. B. (2018). House prices and property tax revenues during the boom and bust: evidence from small-area estimates. Growth and Change, 49(4), 636–656.
https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12261

Gray, D. (2018). An application of two non-parametric techniques to the prices of British dwellings: an examination of cyclicality. Urban Studies, 55(10), 2286–2299.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017710381

Hansen, J. (2009). Australian house prices: a comparison of hedonic and repeat-sales measures. Economic Record, 85(269), 132–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2009.00544.x

Harding, D., & Pagan, A. (2002). Dissecting the cycle: a methodological investigation. Journal of Monetary Economics, 49(2), 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(01)00108-8

Hazama, M., & Uesugi, I. (2015). Heterogeneous impact of real estate prices on firm investment (Discussion Papers No. 15091). Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry.

Hill, R., & Trojanek, R. (2020). House price indexes for Warsaw: an evaluation of competing methods (Graz Economics Papers – GEP No. 2020–08). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340296876_House_Price_Indexes_for_Warsaw_An_Evaluation_of_Competing_Methods

Hirata, H., Kose, M. A., Otrok, C., & Terrones, M. E. (2012). Global house price fluctuations: synchronisation and determinants (NBER Working Paper No. 18362).
https://doi.org/10.3386/w18362

Huber, S. J., Rott, C., García-Montalvo, J., Caggese, A., Ventura, J., Martin, A., Barnichon, R., Debortoli, D., Davis, M., Taylor, A., Fiedler, A., & Kajuth, F. (2016). Housing Booms and busts: convergence and divergence in OECD countries. Universitat Pompeu Fabra.

Hvide, H. K., & Møen, J. (2010). Lean and hungry or fat and content? Entrepreneurs’ wealth and start-up performance. Management Science, 56(8), 1242–1258.
https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1100.1177

Iacoviello, M. (2005). House prices, borrowing constraints, and monetary policy in the business cycle. American Economic Review, 95(3), 739–764. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201477

Iacoviello, M., & Neri, S. (2010). Housing market spillovers: evidence from an estimated DSGE model. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2(2), 125–164.
https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.2.2.125

Igan, D., & Loungani, P. (2012). Global housing cycles. IMF Working Papers, 2012(217), 1–56.
https://doi.org/10.5089/9781475505672.001

Kaplan, G., Mitman, K., & Violante, G. (2017). The housing boom and bust: model meets evidence (NBER Working Papers Series No. 23694). https://doi.org/10.3386/w23694

Kaplan, G., Mitman, K., & Violante, G. (2015). Consumption and house prices in the Great Recession: model meets evidence.
https://economicdynamics.org/meetpapers/2015/paper_275.pdf

Key, T., MacGregor, B., Nanthakumaran, N., & Zarkesh, F. (1994). Understanding the property cycle. Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.

Kim, J. R., & Chung, K. (2016). House prices and business cycles: the case of the UK. International Area Studies Review, 19(2), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/2233865915581432

Konawalczuk, J. (2014). Ocena wybranych baz danych prywatnych i publicznych wykorzystywanych do sporządzania w latach 2006-2012 raportów rynkowych dotyczących transakcji sprzedaży lokali mieszkalnych - na przykładzie Katowic. Studia Ekonomiczne, 204, 80–95.

Kydland, F. E., Rupert, P., Šustek, R., & Sustek, R. (2016). Housing dynamics over the business cycle. International Economic Review, 57(4), 1149–1177. https://doi.org/10.1111/iere.12193

Łaszek, J. (2008). Cykliczność rynku nieruchomości mieszkaniowych. In E. Kucharska-Stasiak (Ed.), Cykle rynku nieruchomości a cykle bankowe. Fundacja na Rzecz Kredytu Hipotecznego.

Leamer, E. (2007). Housing is the business cycle (NBER Working Paper No. 13428). https://doi.org/10.3386/w13428

Leamer, E. (2015). Housing really is the business cycle: what survives the lessons of 2008–09? Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 47, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12189

Li, J., Wei, Y., & Chiang, Y. H. (2020). Bubbles or cycles? Housing price dynamics in China’s major cities. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 24(2), 90–101.
https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2019.11535

Lis, P. (2015). Cykle mieszkaniowe. Rola rynku i państwa. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu.

Liu, Z., Wang, P., & Zha, T. (2013). Land-price dynamics and macroeconomic fluctuations. Econometrica, 81(3), 1147– 1184. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA8994

Loutskina, E., & Strahan, P. E. (2015). Financial integration, housing, and economic volatility. Journal of Financial Economics, 115(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.09.009

Lucas, R. E. (1977). Understanding business cycles. CarnegieRochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 5, 7–29.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(77)90002-1

Lutz, B. F. (2008). The connection between house price appreciation and property tax revenues. National Tax Journal, 61(3), 555–572. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2008.3.13

Lutz, B., Molloy, R., & Shan, H. (2011). The housing crisis and state and local government tax revenue: five channels. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 41(4), 306–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2011.03.009

Mehrotra, N., & Sergeyev, D. (2016). Financial shocks and job flows (CEPR Discussion Papers No. 11677).
https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:11677

Mian, A., Rao, K., & Sufi, A. (2013). Household balance sheets, consumption, and the ecoomic slump. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(4), 1687–1726.
https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt020

Mian, A., & Sufi, A. (2011). House prices, home equity-based borrowing, and the US household leverage crisis. American Economic Review, 101(5), 2132–2156.
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.5.2132

Mintz, I. (1972). Dating American growth cycles. In Economic research: retrospect and prospect: Vol. 1. The business cycle today (pp. 39–88). National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.

Piazzesi, M., & Schneider, M. (2016). Housing and macroeconomics. Handbook of Macroeconomics, 2, 1547–1640. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.hesmac.2016.06.003

Pollakowski, H. O. (1995). Data sources for measuring house price changes. Journal of Housing Research, 6(3), 377–387.

Prasad, N., & Richards, A. (2008). Improving through authors median housing price indexes stratification. Journal of Real Estate Research, 30, 45–72.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2008.12091213

Ramcharan, R., & Crowe, C. (2013). The impact of house prices on consumer credit: evidence from an internet bank. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 45(6), 1085–1115.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12045

Reinhart, C. M., & Rogoff, K. S. (2008). This time is different: a panoramic view of eight centuries of financial crises (Working Paper No. 13882). https://doi.org/10.3386/w13882

Schmalz, M. C., Sraer, D. A., & Thesmar, D. (2017). Housing collateral and entrepreneurship. Journal of Finance, 72(1), 99–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12468

Shimizu, C., Nishimura, K. G., & Watanabe, T. (2016). House prices at different stages of the buying/selling process. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 59, 37–53.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.04.001

Sinai, T., & Souleles, N. S. (2005). Owner-occupied housing as a hedge against rent risk. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(2), 763–789. https://doi.org/10.1162/0033553053970197

Tai, M. (2016). House prices and the allocation of consumer credit (Working Paper). https://scholar.harvard.edu/mingzhu_tai/publications/house-prices-and-allocation-consumer-credit-0

Trojanek, R. (2008). Wahania cen na rynku mieszkaniowym. Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej w Poznaniu.

Trojanek, R. (2010a). Cyclical behaviour of residential markets. Journal of International Studies, 3(1), 28–35.
https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2010/3-1/3

Trojanek, R. (2010b). Dwelling’s price fluctuations and the business cycle. Economics and Sociology, 3(2), 67–77.
https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2010/3-2/7

Trojanek, R. (2013). Fluctuations of dwellings’ prices in the biggest cities in Poland during 1996-2011. Actual Problems of Economics, 2(1–2), 224–231.

Trojanek, R. (2018). Teoretyczne i metodyczne aspekty wyznaczania indeksów cen na rynku mieszkaniowym. Wydanictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu.

Vlaicu, R., & Whalley, A. (2011). Do housing bubbles generate fiscal bubbles? Public Choice, 149(1–2), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-011-9830-y

Wachter, S. M., Cho, M., & Tcha, M. J. (2014). The global financial crisis and housing: a new policy paradigm. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783472888.00006

Wind, B., Lersch, P., & Dewilde, C. (2017). The distribution of housing wealth in 16 European countries: accounting for institutional differences. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 32(4), 625–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-016-9540-3

Zelazowski, K. (2017). Housing market cycles in the context of business cycles. Real Estate Management and Valuation, 25(3), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1515/remav-2017-0017

Zelazowski, K. (2019). Price convergence in the regional housing markets in Poland. Real Estate Management and Valuation, 27(2), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.2478/remav-2019-0014

Zhu, B., Li, L., Downs, D. H., & Sebastian, S. (2019). New evidence on housing wealth and consumption channels. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 58, 51–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-017-9638-8

Zhu, H. (2003). The importance of property markets for monetary policy and financial stability (BIS Working Paper No. 21). http://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap21c.pdf