Exploring environmental Kuznets curve. An investigation on EU economies
Abstract
Designing and implementing relevant and effective environmental policies and fostering green and environmental-friendly approaches and behaviors are constant aims for policy makers all over the world. Concurrently, implementing environmental policies involves significant economic and financial efforts, in order to repair environmental damage and to prevent future negative environmental consequences. How effective are the environmental expenditures and how are they related to the economic growth, i.e. the GDP level, are issues of major concern at a governmental level. In this article we are examining the relation between GDP and environmental expenditure, by using statistical data available for EU economies, for the time period 1995-2013. We found that the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is supported in most of the EU economies, both for government environmental protection and specialized providers, public and private environmental protection. Further and deeper analyses performed showed different situations for specific countries and even a negative relation between GDP and government environmental protection for specific cases.
First published online 18 November 2019
Keyword : environmental expenditure, Kuznets curve, GDP growth, EU member states
How to Cite
Badulescu, D., Badulescu, A., Simut, R., Bac, D., Iancu, E.-A., & Iancu, N. (2020). Exploring environmental Kuznets curve. An investigation on EU economies. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 26(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.11261
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Badulescu, D., Bungau, C., & Badulescu, A. (2015). Sustainable development through sustainable businesses. An empirical research among master students. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 16(3), 1101-1108.
Badulescu, D., Badulescu, A., Sipos-Gug, S., & Rangone, A. (2016). Different or alike? Investigating the impact of GDP on environmental protection expenditure in selected European States. Global & Local Economic Review, 20(1), 55-75.
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De Santis, R., & Lasinio, C. (2015). Environmental policies, innovation and productivity in the EU (LEQS paper No. 100/2015). The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2696266
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Dewan, E., & Hussein, S. (2001). Determinants of economic growth (panel data approach) (Working paper No. 01/04). Retrieved from http://www.rbf.gov.fj/docs/wp2001-04.pdf
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Eurostat. (2008). NACE Rev. 2. Statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Eurostat. (2017). Environmental protection expenditure accounts Handbook 2017 edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Everett, T., Ishwaran, M., Ansaloni, G. P., & Rubin, A. (2010). Economic growth and the environment. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs.
Frankel, J. (2003, November). The environment and globalization (Working paper No. 10090). https://doi.org/10.3386/w10090
Galeotti, M., & Lanza, A. (1999). Richer and cleaner? A study on carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries. Energy Policy, 27(10), 565-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(99)00047-6
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Gray, W. (1987). The cost of regulation: OSHA, EPA and the productivity slowdown. The American Economic Review, 77(5), 998-1006.
Greenstone, M., List, J., & Syverson, C. (2012). The effects of environmental regulation on the competitiveness of US manufacturing. (Working paper No. 18392). Cambridge, Massachusetts. https://doi.org/10.3386/w18392
Grossman, G., & Krueger, A. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
Grossman, G., & Krueger, A. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement (Working paper No. 3914). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
Hausman, J. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46, 1251-1271. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827
Hettige, H., Lucas, R., & Wheeler, D. (1992). The toxic intensity of industrial production: global patterns, trends and trade policy. American Economic Review, 82, 478-481.
Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B., & Ozturk, I. (2016). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries. Ecological Indicators, 60, 824-831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031
John, A., & Pecchenino, R. (1994). An overlapping generations model of growth and the environment. The Economic Journal, 104(427), 1393-1410. https://doi.org/10.2307/2235455
Kearsley, A., & Riddel, M. (2010). A further inquiry into the Pollution Haven Hypothesis and the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Ecological Economics, 69(4), 905-919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.014
Keho, Y. (2017). Revisiting the income, energy consumption and carbon emissions nexus: New evidence from quantile regression for different country groups. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(3), 356-363.
Koźluk, T., & Zipperer, V. (2015). Environmental policies and productivity growth – a critical review of empirical findings. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, 2014, 155-185. https://doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-2014-5jz2drqml75j
Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, XLV(1), 1-28.
Lapinskienė, G., Tvaronavičienė, M., & Vaitkus, P. (2014). Greenhouse gases emissions and economic growth – evidence substantiating the presence of environmental Kuznets curve in the EU. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 20(1), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2014.881434
Lecomber, R. (1975). Economic growth versus the environment. London: Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02074-4
Levinson, A., & Taylor, M. (2004). Unmasking the pollution haven effect (Working paper No. 10629). https://doi.org/10.3386/w10629
Lieb, C. (2002). The Environmental Kuznets Curve and satiation: a simple static model. Environment and Development Economics, 7(3), 429-448. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X02000268
Lopez, R. (1994). The environment as a factor of production: the effects of economic growth and trade liberalization. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27(2), 163-184. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1994.1032
Magnani, E. (2000). The Environmental Kuznets Curve, environmental protection policy and income distribution. Ecological Economics, 32(2), 431-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00115-9
Managi, S., Opaluch, J., Jin, D., & Grigalunas, T. (2005). Environmental regulations and technological change in the offshore oil and gas industry. Land Economics, 81(2), 303-319. https://doi.org/10.3368/le.81.2.303
Marques, L. M., Fuinhas, J. A., & Marques, A. C. (2017). On the dynamics of energy-growth nexus: evidence from a world divided into four regions. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(3), 208-215.
Meadows, D., Meadows, D., Randers, J., & Behrens, W. (1972). The limits to growth: a report for the club of Rome’s project on the predicament of mankind. New York: Universe Books. https://doi.org/10.1349/ddlp.1
Mensah, J. T. (2014). Carbon emissions, energy consumption and output: A threshold analysis on the causal dynamics in emerging African economies. Energy Policy, 70(14), 172-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.03.038
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