Share:


Reverse mortgage and financial sustainability

    Eva Boj   Affiliation
    ; M. Mercè Claramunt   Affiliation
    ; Xavier Varea   Affiliation

Abstract

This paper analyzes the effects that contracting a reverse mortgage has on the finances of families of a country or group whose members who aged 65 or older are the sole owners of the 100% of the property, regardless of the receipt of a retirement pension. For this purpose, an economic-financial model based on the life cycle model is defined, which considers a double source of randomness: mortality and dependence of family members. Long-term effects are measured using probabilistic, temporal and monetary indicators. For each country, the model must be adapted according to the legal framework for retirement and long-term care benefits and for the actuarial mortality and long-term care tables. As an illustration, this model was applied on Spanish families using data from the Spanish Survey of Household Finances 2017. The results obtained indicate that a family in Spain that meets the conditions for contracting a reverse mortgage sees, on average, an increase in its initial income and a decrease in both its probability of having liquidity problems in the future and the value of this lack of liquidity. It is also concluded that family composition influences the magnitude of these positive effects.


First pubilshed online 25 April 2022

Keyword : life cycle, Markov process, Spanish Survey of Household Finances, simulation, long-term care, reverse mortgage

How to Cite
Boj, E., Claramunt, M. M., & Varea, X. (2022). Reverse mortgage and financial sustainability. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28(4), 872–892. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.16617
Published in Issue
Jun 7, 2022
Abstract Views
889
PDF Downloads
822
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Alegre, A. (2014). Valoración de operaciones actuariales relacionadas con la supervivencia de grupos formados por varias personas. Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona.

Al-Umaray, K., Burke, R., Byrne, S., Clerc-Renaud, S., Dol, K., Dötsch, J., Eckardt, M., Elsinga, M., Feigl, M., Ferri, G., French, D., Haffner, M., Hennecke, P., Hoekstra, J., Jaiyawala, Y., Lipari, F., Maher, J., McKillop, D., Pérez Carrillo, E. F., Murro, P., Neuberger, D., Okruch, S., Palmisano, F., Piazolo, F., Reifner, U., Sharma, T., & Ulbricht, D. (2017). Integrating residential property with private pensions in the EU: A report for the European Commission. European Commission. https://www.equity-release.eu/final-project-report/

Atance, D., Debón, A., & Navarro, E. (2020). A comparison of forecasting mortality models using resampling methods. Mathematics, 8, 1550–1550. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8091550

Banco de España. (2017). Guía de acceso a la hipoteca inversa. Banco de España.

Banco de España. (2019). Survey of household finances (EFF) 2017: Methods, results and changes Since 2014. Economic Bulletin, 4, 1–42.

Banco de España. (2020). The Spanish survey of household finances (EFF) 2017 User Guide. Microeconomic Studies Division.

Barceló, C., Crespo, L., García-Uribe, S., Gento, C., Gómez, M., & de Quinto, A. (2020). The Spanish survey of household finances (EFF): Description and methods of the 2017 wave. Banco de España.

Barrieu, P., Bensusan, H., El Karoui, N., Hillairet, C., Loisel, S., Ravanelli, C., & Salhy, Y. (2012). Understanding, modelling and managing longevity risk: Key issues and main challenges. Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, 2012(3), 203–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/03461238.2010.511034

Boj del Val, E., Claramunt Bielsa, M. M., & Varea Soler, X. (2020). Role of private long-term care insurance in financial sustainability for an aging society. Sustainability, 12(21), 8894. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218894

Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconometrics: Methods and applications. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511811241

Chatterjee, S. (2016). Reverse mortgage participation in the United States: Evidence from a national study. International Journal of Financial Studies, 4(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs4010005

Costa-Font, J., & González, A. G. (2007). Long-term care reform in Spain. Eurohealth, 13(1), 20–22.

Davidoff, T., Gerhard, P., & Post, T. (2017). Reverse mortgages: What homeowners (don’t) know and how it matters. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 133, 151–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.11.007

Deaton, A. (1997). The analysis of household surveys. The World Bank. The John Hopkins University Press. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8018-5254-4

Debón, A., Montes, F., & Sala, R. (2013). Pricing reverse mortgages in Spain. European Actuarial Journal, 3, 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13385-013-0071-y

Devesa-Carpio, J. E., Devesa-Carpio, M., Domínguez-Fabián, I., Encinas-Goenechea, B., Meneu-Gaya, R., & Nagore-García, A. (2012). Análisis financiero-fiscal de la hipoteca inversa en España. Innovar, 22(45), 111–126.

Dowd, K., Buckner, D., Blake, D., & Fry, J. (2019). The valuation of no-negative equity guarantees and equity release mortgages. Economics Letters, 184, 108669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.108669

Equity Release Council. (2018). Equity Release Market Report. Autumn 2018. London. https://www.equityreleasecouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/equity-release-market-report-autumn-2018-final-1.pdf

European Commission. (2018). The 2018 ageing report: Economic and budgetary projections for the EU member states (2016–2070). Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved October 1, 2019, from https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/economy-finance/ip079_en.pdf

Eurostat. (2018). Bye bye parents: when do young Europeans flee the nest? Retrieved October 1, 2019, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20180515-1

Fornero, E., Rossi, M., & Urzí Brancati, M. C. (2016). Explaining why, right or wrong, (Italian) households do not like reverse mortgages. Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, 15(2), 180–202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747215000013

Fuente Merencio, I. de la, Navarro, E., & Serna, G. (2018). Estimating the no-negative-equity guarantee in reverse mortgages international sensitivity analysis. In M. Mili, R. Samaniego Medina, & F. di Pietro (Eds.), New methods in fixed income modeling (pp. 223–239). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95285-7_13

García, S. (2015). La hipoteca inversa. Universidad Jaime I de Castellón.

Gerber, H. U. (1997). Life insurance mathematics (3rd ed.). Springer.

Haberman, S., & Pitacco, E. (1999). Actuarial models for disability insurance. Chapman & Hall / CRC Press.

Huan, C., & Mahoney, J. (2002). Equity release mortgages. Housing Finance International, 16, 29–35.

Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales. (2019). Información estadística del sistema para la autonomía y atención a la dependencia. Situación a 31 de agosto de 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2019, from https://www.imserso.es/InterPresent2/groups/imserso/documents/binario/estsisaad20190831.pdf

Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2020). Encuesta de condiciones de vida. Base 2013. https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/es/index.htm?padre=1927&capsel=1925

Kuhn, M., Prskawetz, A., & Sunde, U. (2014). Health, education, and retirement over the prolonged life cycle: A selective survey of recent research. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 12, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2014s1

Kuhn, M., Wrzaczek, S., Fürnkranz-Prskawetz, A., & Feichtinger, G. (2015). Optimal choice of health and retirement in a life-cycle model. Journal of Economic Theory, 158(A), 186–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2015.04.006

Li, J. S.-H., Hardy, M. R., & Tan, K. S. (2010). On pricing and hedging the no-negative-equity guarantee in equity release mechanisms. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 77(2), 499–522. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6975.2009.01344.x

Martinez-Lacoba, R., Pardo-Garcia, I., & Escribano-Sotos, F. (2020). The reverse mortgage: A tool for funding long-term care and increasing public housing supply in Spain. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-020-09794-w

Megyeri, E. (2018). Old-age poverty and residential property in the EU: An analysis with the EU-SILC 2014 data. In M. Eckardt, J. Dötsch, & S. Okruch (Eds.), Old-age provision and homeownership – fiscal incentives and other public policy options (pp. 27–48). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75211-2_2

Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital. (2020). Resolución de 17 de diciembre de 2020, de la Dirección General de Seguros y Fondos de Pensiones, relativa a las tablas de mortalidad y supervivencia a utilizar por las entidades aseguradoras y reaseguradoras, y por la que se aprueba la guía técnica relativa a los criterios de supervisión en relación con las tablas biométricas, y sobre determinadas recomendaciones para fomentar la elaboración de estadísticas biométricas sectoriales. (Spain). BOE En Línea Núm 338 28 Diciembre 2020 Pág 121566-121602 2020. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/res/2020/12/17/(4)

Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes y Memoria Democrática. (2011). Ley 27/2011, de 1 de agosto, sobre actualización, adecuación y modernización del sistema de Seguridad Social (Spain). BOE En Línea Núm 184 282011 Pág 87495–87544. Retrieved September 20, 2019, from https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2011/08/01/27/con

Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes y Memoria Democrática. (2006). Ley 39/2006, de 14 de diciembre, de Promoción de la Autonomía Personal y Atención a las personas en situación de dependencia (Spain). BOE En Línea Núm 299 15122006 Pág 44142–44156. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2006/12/14/39/dof/spa/pdf. Texto Consolidado Retrieved September 20, 2019, from https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2006/BOE-A-2006-21990-consolidado.pdf

Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes y Memoria Democrática. (2007). Ley 41/2007, de 7 de diciembre, por la que se modifica la Ley 2/1981, de 25 de marzo, de Regulación del Mercado Hipotecario y otras normas del sistema hipotecario y financiero, de regulación de las hipotecas inversas y el seguro de dependencia y por la que se establece determinada norma tributaria (Spain). BOE En Línea Núm 294 8-12-2007 Pág 50593–50614 2007. Retrieved November 30, 2018, from https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2007/12/08/pdfs/A50593-50614.pdf

Ministerio de Trabajo, Migraciones y Seguridad Social. (2018a). Real Decreto 900/2018, de 20 de julio, de desarrollo de la disposición adicional trigésima de la Ley 27/2011, de 1 de agosto, sobre actualización, adecuación y modernización del sistema de Seguridad Social, en materia de pensión de viudedad. (Spain). BOE En Línea Núm 178 24072018 Pág 73948–73952. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2018/07/20/900/dof/spa/pdf. Texto Consolidado https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2018/BOE-A-2018-10397-consolidado.pdf

Ministerio de Trabajo, Migraciones y Seguridad Social. (2018b). Real Decreto-ley 28/2018, de 28 de diciembre, para la revalorización de las pensiones públicas y otras medidas urgentes en materia social, laboral y de empleo. (Spain). BOE En Línea Núm 314 29122018 Pág 129875–129939. https://boe.es/boe/dias/2018/12/29/pdfs/BOE-A-2018-17992.pdf. Texto Consolidado https://boe.es/buscar/pdf/2018/BOE-A-2018-17992-consolidado.pdf

Ministerio de Transportes, Movilidad y Agenda Urbana. (2020). Valor tasado vivienda libre. Valor tasado vivienda 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://apps.fomento.gob.es/BoletinOnline2/?nivel=2&orden=35000000

Mitchell, O., & Piggott, J. (2004). Unlocking housing equity in Japan. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 18(4), 466–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2004.03.003

Ong, R. (2008). Unlocking housing equity through reverse mortgages: The case of elderly homeowners in Australia. European Journal of Housing Policy, 8(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616710701817166

Pitacco, E. (1999). Multistate models for long-term care insurance and related indexing problems. Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry, 15(4), 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1526-4025(199910/12)15:4<429::AID-ASMB406>3.0.CO;2-J

Pitacco, E., & Olivieri, A. (1997). Introduzzione alla teoría attuariale delle assicurazioni di persone. Pitagora Editrice.

Prada, M. D. de, & Borge, L. M. (2013). Una aproximación al coste de la dependencia en España y su financiación. Fundación CASER para la dependencia. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.fundacioncaser.org/sites/default/files/costedependenciadef_0.pdf

Sharma, T., French, D., & McKillop, D. (2020). Risk and equity release mortgages in the UK. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-020-09793-2

Simón, H. (2016). La realidad de la hipoteca inversa en España y en el derecho comparado y su rol en el sostenimiento del Estado del Bienestar. Housing, Revista de la Cátedra UNESCO de Vivienda de la Universidad Rovira i Virgili, 6, 26–31.

Simón, H. (2018). La optimización de la hipoteca inversa desde la perspectiva europea y norteamericana. Tirant lo Blanch.

Wang, L., Valdez, E. A., & Piggott, J. (2008). Securitization of longevity risk in reverse mortgages. North American Actuarial Journal, 12(4), 345–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/10920277.2008.10597529

Whait, R. B., Lowies, B., Rossini, P., McGreal, S., & Dimovski, B. (2019). The reverse mortgage conundrum: Perspectives of older households in Australia. Habitat International, 94, 102073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102073

Yang, S. S. (2011). Securitization and tranching longevity and house price risk for reverse mortgage products. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance – Issues and Practice, 36, 648–674. https://doi.org/10.1057/gpp.2011.26