Measuring the inter-structural low-carbon economic inequalities from perspectives of industrial heterogeneity and scale economy: A case study of China’s 29 non-ferrous metal industries
Abstract
With the rapid energy consumption increase in China’s non-ferrous metal industry (NMI), there are inequalities in energy-related CO2 emissions among the sub-sectors. In this paper, a meta-frontier decomposition analysis was proposed for decomposing inter-structural low-carbon economic development inequalities among 29 sub-sectors in China’s NMI from 2004 to 2018 into 11 components, including four new factors, i.e., energy- and output- oriented technological gaps and scale economies. In addition, an I(CI) index is constructed to measure the inter-inequalities of low-carbon economic development among NMI and decomposed from the static and dynamic perspectives, respectively. Results show that: (1) I(CI) index was in a downward trend during 2004–2010, while remained stable during 2010–2018; (2) the energy-oriented technological gap (ETG) was the key promoters to increase I(CI); (3) the potential energy intensity (PEI) was the primary inhibiting factor for I(CI); (4) the government can reduce the inter-inequalities by narrowing the technological gap and reducing potential energy intensity in the energy market.
First published online 20 May 2022
Keyword : low-carbon economy, non-ferrous metal industries, decomposition analysis, inter-structural heterogeneities, scale economy
How to Cite
Sun, L.-X., Wang, M., Xia, Y.-S., & Feng, C. (2022). Measuring the inter-structural low-carbon economic inequalities from perspectives of industrial heterogeneity and scale economy: A case study of China’s 29 non-ferrous metal industries. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28(4), 1022–1043. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.16730
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Chen, X., & Lin, B. (2020). Energy and CO2 emission performance: A regional comparison of China’s non-ferrous metals industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 274, 123168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123168
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Chu, X., Du, G., Geng, H., & Liu, X. (2021). Can energy quota trading reduce carbon intensity in China? A study using a DEA and decomposition approach. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 28, 1275–1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.08.008
Du, Q., Li, J., Li, Y., Huang, N., Zhou, J., & Li, Z. (2020). Carbon inequality in the transportation industry: Empirical evidence from China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(6), 6300–6311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07291-4
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Fang, Y., & Deng, W. (2011). Affecting elements and regional variables based on the objective of carbon intensity reduction in China. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 18(2), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2011.552270
Guan, D., Klasen, S., Hubacek, K., Feng, K., Liu, Z., He, K., Geng, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2014). Determinants of stagnating carbon intensity in China. Nature Climate Change, 4(11), 1017–1023. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2388
Guo, F., Zhao, T., Wang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2016). Estimating the abatement potential of provincial carbon intensity based on the environmental learning curve model in China. Natural Hazards, 84(1), 685–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2452-4
Huang, J. (2018). Investigating the driving forces of China’s carbon intensity based on a dynamic spatial model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(22), 21833–21843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2307-5
Huang, J. B., Chen, X., & Song, Y. (2020). What drives embodied metal consumption in China’s imports and exports. Resources Policy, 69, 101862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101862
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2006). 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories (Vol. II). Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Japan. www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html
Li, A., Hu, M., Wang, M., & Cao, Y. (2016). Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Eastern and Central China: A temporal and a cross-regional decomposition analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 103, 284–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.09.009
Li, M., Mi, Z., Coffman, D. M., & Wei, Y. M. (2018). Assessing the policy impacts on non-ferrous metals industry’s CO2 reduction: Evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 192, 252–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.015
Li, T., Han, D., Feng, S., & Liang, L. (2019). Can industrial co-agglomeration between producer services and manufacturing reduce carbon intensity in China? Sustainability, 11(15), 4024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154024
Li, W., & Ou, Q. X. (2013). Decomposition of China’s carbon emissions intensity from 1995 to 2010: An extended Kaya identity. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2013, 973074. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/973074
Li, X., Chalvatzis, K. J., & Pappas, D. (2017). China’s electricity emission intensity in 2020 – an analysis at provincial level. Energy Procedia, 142, 2779–2785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.421
Lin, B., & Du, K. (2014). Decomposing energy intensity change: A combination of index decomposition analysis and production-theoretical decomposition analysis. Applied Energy, 129, 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.101
Lin, B., & Chen, X. (2019). Evaluating the CO2 performance of China’s non-ferrous metals Industry: A total factor meta-frontier Malmquist index perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 209, 1061–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.278
Lin, Q., Zhang, L., Qiu, B., Zhao, Y., & Wei, C. (2021). Spatiotemporal analysis of land use patterns on carbon emissions in China. Land, 10(2), 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020141
Liu, H., & Gong, G. (2021). Spatial-temporal analysis of China’s carbon intensity: A ST-IDA decomposition based on energy input-output table. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(42), 60060–60079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14877-4
Liu, Y., Wang, M., & Feng, C. (2020). Inequalities of China’s regional low-carbon development. Journal of Environmental Management, 274, 111042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111042
Pan, X., Guo, S., Xu, H., Tian, M., Pan, X., & Chu, J. (2022). China’s carbon intensity factor decomposition and carbon emission decoupling analysis. Energy, 239, 122175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122175
Pang, J., Li, N., Mu, H., Zhanga, M., & Zhao, H. (2021). Study on the spatial interaction between carbon emission intensity and shadow economy in China. Science of the Total Environment, 152616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152616
Raupach, M. R., Marland, G., Ciais, P., Le Quéré, C., Canadell, J. G., Klepper, G., & Field, C. B. (2007). Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(24), 10288–10293. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700609104
Ren, S., & Hu, Z. (2012). Effects of decoupling of carbon dioxide emission by Chinese nonferrous metals industry. Energy Policy, 43, 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.01.021
Shi, Y., & Zhao, T. (2016). A decomposition analysis of carbon dioxide emissions in the Chinese nonferrous metal industry. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 21(6), 823–838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9624-x
Song, C., Zhao, T., & Wang, J. (2019a). Spatial-temporal analysis of China’s regional carbon intensity based on ST-IDA from 2000 to 2015. Journal of Cleaner Production, 238, 117874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117874
Song, Y., Huang, J., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2019b). Drivers of metal consumption in China: An input-output structural decomposition analysis. Resources Policy, 63, 101421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101421
Tian, Q., Zhao, T., & Yuan, R. (2021). An overview of the inequality in China’s carbon intensity 1997–2016: A Theil index decomposition analysis. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 23, 1581–1601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02050-x
Wang, F., Sun, X., Reiner, D. M., & Wu, M. (2020). Changing trends of the elasticity of China’s carbon emission intensity to industry structure and energy efficiency. Energy Economics, 86, 104679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104679
Wang, F., Wang, C., Su, Y., Jin, L., Wang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2017b). Decomposition analysis of carbon emission factors from energy consumption in Guangdong Province from 1990 to 2014. Sustainability, 9(2), 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020274
Wang, J., Zhao, T., & Zhang, X. (2017a). Changes in carbon intensity of China’s energy-intensive industries: A combined decomposition and attribution analysis. Natural Hazards, 88(3), 1655–1675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2938-8
Wang, K., Tian, H., Hua, S., Zhu, C., Gao, J., Xue, Y., Hao, J., Wang, Y., & Zhou, J. (2016). A comprehensive emission inventory of multiple air pollutants from iron and steel industry in China: Temporal trends and spatial variation characteristics. Science of the Total Environment, 559, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.125
Wang, M., & Feng, C. (2018). Decomposing the change in energy consumption in China’s nonferrous metal industry: An empirical analysis based on the LMDI method. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82(3), 2652–2663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.103
Wang, M., & Feng, C. (2019). Decoupling economic growth from carbon dioxide emissions in China’s metal industrial sectors: A technological and efficiency perspective. Science of the Total Environment, 691, 1173–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.190
Wang, M., & Feng, C. (2021). Towards a decoupling between economic expansion and carbon dioxide emissions in resources sector: A case study of China’s 29 non-ferrous metal industries. Resources Policy, 74, 102249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102249
Wang, Q., & Wang, S. (2020). Why does China’s carbon intensity decline and India’s carbon intensity rise? a decomposition analysis on the sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 265, 121569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121569
Wang, X., & Lin, B. (2017). Factor and fuel substitution in China’s iron & steel industry: Evidence and policy implications. Journal of Cleaner Production, 141, 751–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.133
Wang, Y., & Chandler, W. (2010). The Chinese nonferrous metals industry – energy use and CO2 emissions. Energy Policy, 38(11), 6475–6484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.03.054
Wang, Y., & Zheng, Y. (2020). Spatial effects of carbon emission intensity and regional development in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1–13.
Wang, Y., Shang, P., He, L., Zhang, Y., & Liu, D. (2018). Can China achieve the 2020 and 2030 carbon intensity targets through energy structure adjustment? Energies, 11(10), 2721. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11102721
Wang, Z. C., Mu, H. L., & Li, H. N. (2013). Analysis of China’s CO2 emission and carbon trading potential. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 281, 704–709. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.281.704
Wu, R., Dong, J., Zhou, L., & Zhang, L. (2018). Regional distribution of carbon intensity and its driving factors in China: An empirical study based on provincial data. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 27(3), 1331–1341. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/76364
Wu, Y., Shen, L., Zhang, Y., Shuai, C., Yan, H., Lou, Y., & Ye, G. (2019). A new panel for analyzing the impact factors on carbon emission: A regional perspective in China. Ecological Indicators, 97, 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.10.006
Xiao, H., Sun, K., Tu, X., Bi, H., & Wen, M. (2020). Diversified carbon intensity under global value chains: A measurement and decomposition analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 272, 111076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111076
Xu, S. C., Zhou, Y. F., Feng, C., & Zhang, J. N. (2021). The factors of regional PM2.5 emissions inequality in China. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 150, 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.04.005
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