Share:


Oil price shocks, economic policy uncertainty, and green finance: a case of China

    Kai-Hua Wang Affiliation
    ; Chi-Wei Su Affiliation
    ; Muhammad Umar Affiliation
    ; Oana-Ramona Lobonţ Affiliation

Abstract

This study investigates the long- and short-run effects of crude oil price (COP) and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on China’s green bond index (GBI) using the quantile autoregressive distributed lag model. The empirical results show that COP and EPU produce a significant positive and negative influence on GBI in the long-run across most quantiles, respectively, but their short-run counterparts are opposite direction and only significant in higher quantiles. Thus, major contributions are made accordingly and shown in the following aspects. The findings emphasise the importance of understanding how COP and EPU affect China’s green bond market for the first time. In addition, both the long- and short-run effects are captured, but long-run shocks primarily drive the green bond market. Finally, time- and quantile-varying analyses are adopted to explain the nexus between COP and EPU to GBI, which considers not only different states of the bond market but also events that occur in different time periods. Some detailed policies, such as a unified and effective green bond market, an early warning mechanism of oil price fluctuation, and prudent economic policy adjustments, are beneficial for stabilising the green finance market.


First published online 19 December 2022

Keyword : green bond index, crude oil price, economic policy uncertainty, quantile autoregressive distributed lag model

How to Cite
Wang, K.-H., Su, C.-W., Umar, M., & Lobonţ, O.-R. (2023). Oil price shocks, economic policy uncertainty, and green finance: a case of China. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 29(2), 500–517. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17999
Published in Issue
Mar 20, 2023
Abstract Views
1673
PDF Downloads
1200
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Abbas, M. G., Wang, Z., Bashir, S., Iqbal, W., & Ullah, H. (2021). Nexus between energy policy and environmental performance in China: The moderating role of green finance adopted firms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 63263–63277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15195-5

Azhgaliyeva, D., Kapsalyamova, Z., & Mishra, R. (2022). Oil price shocks and green bonds: An empirical evidence. Energy Economics, 112, 106108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106108

Baek, J. (2021). A new look at the oil prices and exchange rates nexus: A quantile cointegrating regression approach to South Korea. Applied Economics, 53(56), 6510–6521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2021.1946475

Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2016). Measuring economic policy uncertainty. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1593–1636. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw024

Balcilar, M., Gupta, R., Wang, S., & Wohar, M. E. (2020). Oil price uncertainty and movements in the US government bond risk premia. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 52, 101147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2020.101147

Bondia, R., Ghosh, S., & Kanjilal, K. (2016). International crude oil prices and the stock prices of clean energy and technology companies: Evidence from non-linear cointegration tests with unknown structural breaks. Energy, 101, 558–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.031

Boutabba, M. A., & Rannou, Y. (2022). Investor strategies in the green bond market: The influence of liquidity risks, economic factors and clientele effects. International Review of Financial Analysis, 81, 102071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102071

Broadstock, D. C., & Cheng, L. T. (2019). Time-varying relation between black and. green bond price benchmarks: Macroeconomic determinants for the first decade. Finance research letters, 29, 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2019.02.006

Chen, H., Xu, C., & Peng, Y. (2022). Time-frequency connectedness between energy and nonenergy commodity markets during COVID-19: Evidence from China. Resources Policy, 78, 102874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102874

Chen, W., Huang, Z., & Yi, Y. (2015). Is there a structural change in the persistence of WTI–Brent oil price spreads in the post-2010 period? Economic Modelling, 50, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.06.007

Cho, J. S., Kim, T., & Shin, Y. (2015). Quantile cointegration in the autoregressive distributed-lag modeling framework. Journal of Econometrics, 188(1), 281–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.05.003

Cristea, M. S., Pirtea, M. G., Suciu, M. C., & Noja, G. G. (2022). Workforce participation, ageing, and economic welfare: New empirical evidence on complex patterns across the European Union. Complexity, 2022, 7313452. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7313452

Devpura, N., & Narayan, P. K. (2020). Hourly oil price volatility: The role of COVID-19. Energy Research Letters, 1(2), 13683. https://doi.org/10.46557/001c.13683

Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057–1072. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517

Dutta, A., Jana, R. K., & Das, D. (2020). Do green investments react to oil price shocks? Implications for sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 266, 121956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121956

Gu, K., Dong, F., Sun, H., & Zhou, Y. (2021). How economic policy uncertainty processes impact on inclusive green growth in emerging industrialized countries: A case study of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 322, 128963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128963

Gudil, D. I., Sarwat, S., Sharif, A., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). How oil prices, gold prices, uncertainty and risk impact Islamic and conventional stocks? Empirical evidence from QARDL technique. Resources Policy, 66, 101638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101638

Guo, Y., Chen, Y. H., Lo, K. L., & Mi, J. J. (2022). The influence of international crude oil price on the crude oil spot price in China. Procedia Computer Science, 199, 1144–1151.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.01.145

Hau, L., Zhu, H., Sun, W., & Yu, K. (2022). Flight-to-quality or not? Evidence from China’s green bond and green equity markets during COVID-19 crisis. Applied Economics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2022.2083059

He, X., Mishra, S., Aman, A., Shahbaz, M., Razzaq, A., & Sharif, A. (2021). The linkage between clean energy stocks and the fluctuations in oil price and financial stress in the US and Europe? Evidence from QARDL approach. Resources Policy, 72, 102021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102021

Hou, D., Chan, K. C., Dong, M., & Yao, Q. (2022). The impact of economic policy uncertainty on a firm’s green behavior: Evidence from China. Research in International Business and Finance, 59, 101544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101544

Hu, J., Wang, K., Su, C., & Umar, M. (2022). Oil price, green innovation and institutional pressure: A China’s perspective. Resources Policy, 78, 102788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102788

Huang, S., Sadiq, M., & Chien, F. (2021). The impact of natural resource rent, financial development, and urbanization on carbon emission. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16818-7

Huang, T., & Yue, Q. (2020). How the game changer was generated? An analysis on the legal rules and development of China’s green bond market. International Environmental Agreement: Politics, Law and Economics, 20, 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-019-09460-9

Huang, W., Lan, C., Xu, Y., Zhang, Z., & Zeng, H. (2022). Does COVID-19 matter for systemic financial risks? Evidence from China’s financial and real estate sectors. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 74, 101819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2022.101819

Ikram, M., Xia, W., Fareed, Z., Shahzad, U., & Rafique, M. Z. (2021). Exploring the nexus between economic complexity, economic growth and ecological footprint: Contextual evidences from Japan. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47, 101460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101460

Inchauspe, J., Ripple, R. D., & Trück, S. (2015). The dynamics of returns on renewable. Energy companies: A state-space approach. Energy Economics, 48, 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.11.013

Ji, Q., Liu, B. Y., Nehler, H., & Uddin, G. S. (2018). Uncertainties and extreme risk spillover in the energy markets: A time-varying copula-based CoVaR approach. Energy Economics, 76, 115–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.10.010

Jia, Z., Wen, S., & Lin, B. (2021). The effects and reacts of COVID-19 pandemic and international oil price on energy, economy, and environment in China. Applied Energy, 302, 117612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117612

Jiang, Y., Feng, Q., Mo, B., & Nie, H. (2020). Visiting the effects of oil price shocks on exchange rates: Quantile-on-quantile and causality-in-quantiles approaches. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 52, 101161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2020.101161

Kanamura, T. (2020). Are green bonds environmentally friendly and good performing assets? Energy Economics, 88, 104767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104767

Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationary against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root? Journal of Econometrics, 54(1–3), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-Y

Lee, C. C., Li, X., Yu, C. H., & Zhao, J. (2022a). The contribution of climate finance towards environmental sustainability: New global evidence. Energy Economics, 111, 106072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106072

Lee, C. C., Xing, W., & Lee, C. C. (2022b). The impact of energy security on income inequality: The key role of economic development. Energy, 248, 123564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123564

Lee, C. C., Tang, H., & Li, D. (2022c). The roles of oil shocks and geopolitical. uncertainties on China’s green bond returns. Economic Analysis and Policy, 74, 494–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.03.008

Lee, C., Lee, C., & Li, Y. (2021). Oil price shocks, geopolitical risks, and green bond market dynamics. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 55, 101309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2020.101309

Li, Z., Kuo, T. H., Siao-Yun, W., & Vinh, L. T. (2022). Role of green finance, volatility and risk in promoting the investments in Renewable Energy Resources in the post-covid-19. Resources Policy, 76, 102563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102563

Liu, C., & Xiong, M. (2022). Green finance reform and corporate innovation: Evidence from China. Finance Research Letters, 48, 102993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.102993

Liu, S. Q., Qi, H. J., & Wan, Y. L. (2022). Driving factors behind the development of China’s green bond market. Journal of Cleaner Production, 354, 131705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131705

Liu, X., Wang, E., & Cai, D. (2019). Green credit policy, property rights and debt financing: Quasi-natural experimental evidence from China. Finance Research Letters, 29, 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2019.03.014

Lv, C., Bian, B., Lee, C. C., & He, Z. (2021). Regional gap and the trend of green finance development in China. Energy Economics, 102, 105476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105476

Naeem, M. A., Bouri, E., Costa, M. D., Naifar, N., & Shahzad, S. J. H. (2021). Energy markets and green bonds: A tail dependence analysis with time-varying optimal copulas and portfolio implications. Resources Policy, 74, 102418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102418

Ouyang, Z. S., Liu, M. T., Huang, S. S., & Yao, T. (2022). Does the source of oil price shocks matter for the systemic risk? Energy Economics, 109, 105958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105958

Park, D., Park, J., & Ryu, D. (2020). Volatility spillovers between equity and green bond markets. Sustainability, 12(9), 3722. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093722

Pham, L., & Cepni, O. (2022). Extreme directional spillovers between investor attention and green bond markets. International Review of Economics & Finance, 80, 186–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2022.02.069

Pham, L., & Nguyen, C. P. (2022). How do stock, oil, and economic policy uncertainty influence the green bond market? Finance Research Letters, 45, 102128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102128

Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335

Pirtea, M. G., Noja, G. G., Cristea, M., & Panait, M. (2021). Interplay between environmental, social and governance coordinates and the financial performance of agricultural companies. Agricultural Economics – Czech, 67, 479–490. https://doi.org/10.17221/286/2021-AGRICECON
Pirtea, M. G., Sipos, G. L., & Ionescu, A. (2019). Does corruption affects business innovation? Insights from emerging countries. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 20(4), 715–733.
https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2019.10160

Qiu, C., Colson, G., Escalante, C., & Wetzstein, M. (2012). Considering macroeconomic indicators in the food before fuel nexus. Energy Economics, 34(6), 2021–2028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.018

Reboredo, J. C. (2018). Green bond and financial markets: Co-movement, diversification and price spillover effects, Energy Economics, 74, 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.05.030

Reboredo, J. C., Ugolini, A., & Aiube, F. A. L. (2020). Network connectedness of green bonds and asset classes. Energy Economics, 86, 104629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104629

Ren, X., Shao, Q., & Zhong, R. (2020). Nexus between green finance, non-fossil energy use, and carbon intensity: Empirical evidence from China based on a vector error correction model. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 122844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122844

Shah, I. H., Hiles, C., & Morley, B. (2018). How do oil prices, macroeconomic factors and policies affect the market for renewable energy? Applied energy, 215, 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.01.084

Shahzad, S. J. H., Hurley, D., & Ferrer, R. (2021). U.S. stock prices and macroeconomic fundamentals: Fresh evidence using the quantile ARDL approach. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(3), 3569–3587. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1976

Shakya, S., Li, B., & Etienne, X. (2022). Shale revolution, oil and gas prices, and drilling activities in the United States. Energy Economics, 108, 105877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105877

Shi, J., Yu, C., Li, Y., & Wang, T. (2022). Does green financial policy affect debt-financing cost of heavy-polluting enterprises? An empirical evidence based on Chinese pilot zones for green finance reform and innovations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 179, 121678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121678

Su, C., Chen, Y., Hu, J., Chang, T., & Umar, M. (2023). Can the green bond market enter a new era under the fluctuation of oil price? Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(1), 536–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2077794

Su, C., Li, W., Umar, M., & Lobonţ, O. (2022). Can green credit reduce the emissions of pollutants? Economic Analysis and Policy, 74, 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.01.016

Su, C., Pang, L., Tao, R., Shao, X., & Umar, M. (2022c). Renewable energy and technological innovation: Which one is the winner in promoting net-zero emissions? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 182, 121798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121798

Su, C. W., Wang, X. Q., Tao, R., & Oana-Ramona, L. (2019). Do oil prices drive agricultural commodity prices? Further evidence in a global bio-energy context. Energy, 172, 691–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.028

Sun, C., Ding, D., Fang, X., Zhang, H., & Li, J. (2019). How do fossil energy prices affect the stock prices of new energy companies? Evidence from Divisia energy price index in China’s market. Energy, 169, 637–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.032

Sun, Y., Duru, O. A., Razzaq, A., & Dinca, M. S. (2021). The asymmetric effect eco-innovation and tourism towards carbon neutrality target in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Management, 299, 113653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113653

Tian, H., Long, S., & Li, Z. (2022). Asymmetric effects of climate policy uncertainty, infectious diseases-related uncertainty, crude oil volatility, and geopolitical risks on green bond prices. Finance Research Letters, 48, 103008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103008

Tolliver, C., Keeley, A. R., & Managi, S. (2020). Drivers of green bond market growth: The importance of Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement and implications for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 244, 118643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118643

Wang, X., Li, J., & Ren, X. (2022a). Asymmetric causality of economic policy uncertainty and oil volatility index on time-varying nexus of the clean energy, carbon and green bond. International Review of Financial Analysis, 83, 102306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102306

Wang, K. H., Liu, L., Li, X., & Oana-Ramona, L. (2022b). Do oil price shocks drive unemployment? Evidence from Russia and Canada. Energy, 253, 124107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124107

Wang, K., Zhao, Y., Jiang, C., & Li, Z. (2022c). Does green finance inspire sustainable development? Evidence from a global perspective. Economic Analysis and Policy, 75, 412–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.06.002

Wang, Z., Dong, Y., & Liu, A. (2022d). How does China’s stock market react to supply chain disruptions from COVID-19? International Review of Financial Analysis, 82, 102168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102168

Wang, X., Luo, Y., Wang, Z., Xu, Y., & Wu, C. (2021). The impact of economic policy uncertainty on volatility of China’s financial stocks: An empirical analysis. Finance Research Letters, 39, 101650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101650

Wang, X., & Wang, Q. (2021). Research on the impact of green finance on the upgrading of China’s regional industrial structure from the perspective of sustainable development. Resources Policy, 74, 102436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102436

Wang, Z., Li, Y., & He, F. (2020). Asymmetric volatility spillovers between economic policy uncertainty and stock markets: Evidence from China. Research in International Business and Finance, 53, 101233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101233

Wen, X., Guo, Y., Wei, Y., & Huang, D. (2014). How do the stock prices of new energy and fossil fuel companies correlate? Evidence from China. Energy Economics, 41, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.10.018

Wu, K., Zhu, J., Xu, M., & Yang, L. (2020). Can crude oil drive the co-movement in the international stock market? Evidence from partial wavelet coherence analysis. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 53, 101194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2020.101194

Yan, L., Wang, H., Athari, S. A., & Atif, F. (2022). Driving green bond market through energy prices, gold prices and green energy stocks: evidence from a non-linear approach. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 6479–6499. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2049977

Yang, Y., Su, X., & Yao, S. (2021). Nexus between green finance, fintech, and high-quality economic development: Empirical evidence from China. Resources Policy, 74, 102445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102445

Zhan, Z., Ali, L., Sarwat, S., Godil, D. I., Dinca, G., & Anser, M. K. (2021). A step towards environmental mitigation: Do tourism, renewable energy and institutions really matter? A QARDL approach. Science of the Total Environment, 778, 146209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146209

Zhang, D. (2018). Energy finance: Background, concept, and recent developments. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(8), 1687–1692. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1466524

Zhang, K., Li, Y., Qi, Y., & Shao, S. (2021a). Can green credit policy improve environmental quality? Evidence from China. Journal of Environmental Management, 298, 113445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113445

Zhang, F., Narayan, P. K., & Devpura, N. (2021b). Has COVID-19 changed the stock return-oil price predictability pattern? Financial Innovation, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00277-7

Zhao, X., Meng, X., Zhou, Y., & Li, P. (2020). Policy inducement effect in energy efficiency: An empirical analysis of China. Energy, 211, 118726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118726