Influence from highways on regional economic growth – based on the trade potential in China
Abstract
The question of whether the construction of the highway network is economical and can produce positive economic benefits has been a hot topic of discussion in recent years. Previous scholars have explored the impact from multiple perspectives. Our paper draws the “trade potential” model proposed by Armstrong, based on the universal gravity model and the principle of space interaction, which is different from the traffic accessibility, market potential, and market access used in most of the literature. We argue that it is more appropriate to consider both the size impact and the time distance or trade cost impact of the two cities. The paper constructs a conceptual framework and theoretical model for the impact of highways on regional economic growth, measures the “minimum transit time” of highways between prefecture-level cities in China, and calculates the trade potential of prefecture-level cities. Through corresponding empirical model testing, we have obtained some meaningful conclusions.
First published online 17 September 2024
Keyword : highway, trade potential, minimum transit time, spatial interaction, regional economic growth
How to Cite
Hu, X., Lin, S., & Lin, R. (2024). Influence from highways on regional economic growth – based on the trade potential in China. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2024.21997
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Armstrong, S. P. (2007). Measuring trade and trade potential: A survey (Crawford School Asia Pacific Economic Paper, No. 368). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1760426
Aschauer, D. A. (1989). Is public expenditure productive? Journal of Monetary Economics, 23(2), 177–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(89)90047-0
Baily, M. N., Chakrabarti, A. K., & Levin, R. C. (1985). Innovation and productivity in U.S. industry. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, (2), 609–639. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534447
Baldwin, R. E. (1994). Towards an integrated Europe (Vol. 25). Centre for Economic Policy Research.
Banister, D., & Thurstain-Goodwin, M. (2011). Quantification of the non-transport benefits resulting from rail investment. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(2), 212–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.05.001
Baum-Snow, N., Brandt, L., Henderson, J. V., Turner, M. A., & Zhang, Q. (2017). Roads, railroads, and decentralization of Chinese cities. Review of Economics and Statistics, 99(3), 435–448. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00660
Baum-Snow, N., Henderson, J. V., Turner, M. A., Zhang, Q., & Brandt, L. (2020). Does investment in national highways help or hurt hinterland city growth? Journal of Urban Economics, 115, Article 103124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2018.05.001
Berechman, J., Ozmen, D., & Ozbay, K. (2006). Empirical analysis of transportation investment and economic development at state, county and municipality levels. Transportation, 33, 537–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-006-7472-6
Bhat, C., Handy, S., Kockelman, K., Mahmassani, H., Chen, Q., & Weston, L. (2000). Development of an urban accessibility index: Literature review (Report No. TX-01/77-4938-1). University of Texas at Austin. Center for Transportation Research.
Boarnet, M. G. (1998). Spillovers and the locational effects of public infrastructure. Journal of Regional Science, 38(3), 381–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4146.00099
Bu, X., Zhang, T., & Zhang, S. (2019). The road to prosperity: A study on the efficiency of resource allocation in China’s highway construction. Management World, 355, 44–63.
Chakrabarti, S. (2018). Can highway development promote employment growth in India? Transport Policy, 69, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.05.009
Datta, S. (2012). The impact of improved highways on Indian firms. Journal of Development Economics, 99(1), 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.08.005
Denison, E. (1985). Trends in American economic growth. Brookings Institution Press.
Donaldson, D. (2018). Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the impact of transportation infrastructure. American Economic Review, 108(4–5), 899–934. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20101199
Donaldson, D., & Hornbeck, R. (2016). Railroads and American economic growth: A “market access” approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(2), 799–858. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw002
Duranton, G., & Turner, M. A. (2012). Urban growth and transportation. Review of Economic Studies, 79(4), 1407–1440. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rds010
Eisner, R. (1991). Infrastructure and regional economic performance: Comment. New England Economic Review, (9), 47–58.
Egger, P. (2002). An econometric view on the estimation of gravity models and the calculation of trade potentials. World Economy, 25(2), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00432
Evans, P., & Karras, G. (1994). Are government activities productive? Evidence from a panel of US states. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109821
Faber, B. (2014). Trade integration, market size, and industrialization: Evidence from China’s National trunk highway system. Review of Economic Studies, 81(3), 1046–1070. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdu010
Ferrari, C., Bottasso, A., Conti, M., & Tei, A. (2019). The economics of transport infrastructure. In Economic role of transport infrastructure: Theory and models (pp. 5–38). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813096-4.00002-0
Fotheringham, A. S., & O’Kelly, M. E. (1989). Spatial interaction models: Formulations and applications (Vol. 1, p. 989). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Fu, W. (2016). Highway construction requires capacity reduction. International Financial News. http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2016-09-26/doc-ifxwevww1546661.shtml
Gao, X., Long, X., & Yang, G. (2015). Transportation infrastructure and service industry development: Evidence from county-level highways and enterprise data from the second economic census. Management World, (8), 81–96.
Garcia-Milà, T., McGuire, T. J., & Porter, R. H. (1996). The effect of public capital in state-level production functions reconsidered. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 78(1), 177–180. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109857
Ghani, E., Goswami, A. G., & Kerr, W. R. (2016). Highway to success: The impact of the golden quadrilateral project for the location and performance of Indian manufacturing. The Economic Journal, 126(591), 317–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12207
Gramlich, E. M. (1994). Infrastructure investment: A review essay. Journal of Economic Literature, 32(3), 1176–1196.
Griliches, Z. (1988). Productivity puzzles and R&D: Another nonexplanation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2(4), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.2.4.9
Harris, Z. S. (1954). Distributional structure. Word, 10(2–3), 146–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1954.11659520
Hennemann, S., & Derudder, B. (2014). An alternative approach to the calculation and analysis of connectivity in the world city network. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 41(3), 392–412. https://doi.org/10.1068/b39108
Holl, A. (2004). Transport infrastructure, agglomeration economies, and firm birth: Empirical evidence from Portugal. Journal of Regional Science, 44(4), 693–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-4146.2004.00354.x
Holl, A. (2016). Highways and productivity in manufacturing firms. Journal of Urban Economics, 93, 131–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2016.04.002
Irshad, R., Mehr-un-Nisa & Ghafoor, N. (2023). Infrastructure and economic growth: Evidence from lower middle-income countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14(1), 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00855-1
Janelle, D. G. (1968). Central place development in a time‐space framework. The Professional Geographer, 20(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1968.00005.x
Jiwattanakulpaisarn, P., Noland, R. B., & Graham, D. J. (2011). Highway infrastructure and private output: Evidence from static and dynamic production function models. Transportmetrica, 7(5), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/18128600903479638
Jiwattanakulpaisarn, P., Noland, R. B., & Graham, D. J. (2012). Marginal productivity of expanding highway capacity. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy (JTEP), 46(3), 333–347.
Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 483–499. https://doi.org/10.1086/261763
Li, B., Gao, S., Liang, Y., Kang, Y., Prestby, T., Gao, Y., & Xiao, R. (2020). Estimation of regional economic development indicator from transportation network analytics. Scientific reports, 10(1), Article 2647. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59505-2
Liang, W. (2001). Analysis on the factors of the increase and decline of transportation cost of highway and ordinary highway vehicles. Hebei Qiye, 10, 28–29.
Lin, S., Ye, W., & Zhang, L. (2018). Impact of time effect to the location of manufacturing films – Analysis on the relationship between highway network and new manufacturing films. China Industrial Economics, 2, 137–156.
Lin, Y. (2017). Travel costs and urban specialization patterns: Evidence from China’s high speed railway system. Journal of Urban Economics, 98, 98–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2016.11.002
Lu, j., Du, Q., & Sun, P. (2018). Time cost, city size and economic growth per capita: An empirical analysis based on railway time data. Management World, 34, 74–85.
Magazzino, C., & Maltese, I. (2021). Transport infrastructures: Investments, evaluation and regional economic growth. Research in Transportation Economics, 88, Article 101125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101125
Mao, J., Tian, Q., & Lu, C. (2022). Impact of rapid transit development on urban economic growth: An empirical study of the urban agglomerations in China. Frontiers in Earth Science, 10, Article 920796. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.920796
Moreno, R., & López-Bazo, E. (2007). Returns to local and transport infrastructure under regional spillovers. International Regional Science Review, 30(1), 47–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017606296728
Munnel, A. (1990). How does public infrastructure affect regional performance? An overview. Proceedings of a Conference held at Harwich Port, Massachusetts, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, MA, 69–103.
National Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.) https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (n.d.-a). China city statistical yearbook 1990–2023. China Statistics Press. https://data.cnki.net/
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (n.d.-b). China statistical yearbook for regional economy 2001–2014. China Statistics Press. https://data.cnki.net/
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (n.d.-c). China transport statistical yearbook 2010–2022. China Statistics Press. https://data.cnki.net/
Nenavath, S. (2023). Does transportation infrastructure impact economic growth in India? Journal of Facilities Management, 21(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFM-03-2021-0032
Nilsson, L. (2000). Trade integration and the EU economic membership criteria. European Journal of Political Economy, 16(4), 807–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(99)00060-9
Ozbay, K., Ozmen-Ertekin, D., & Berechman, J. (2007). Contribution of transportation investments to county output. Transport Policy, 14(4), 317–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.03.004
Pereira, A. M., & Andraz, J. M. (2004). Public highway spending and state spillovers in the USA. Applied Economics Letters, 11(12), 785–788. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350485042000254593
Reilly, W. J. (1929). Methods for the study of retail relationships (University of Texas Bulletin No. 2944). Bureau of Business Research.
Rosenstein-Rodan, P. N. (1943). Problems of industrialisation of eastern and south-eastern Europe. The Economic Journal, 53(210–211), 202–211. https://doi.org/10.2307/2226317
Rostow, W. W. (1960). The stages of economic growth: A non-communist manifesto. Cambridge University Press.
Rothenberg, A. D. (2011). Transport infrastructure and firm location choice in equilibrium: Evidence from Indonesia’s highways (Job Market Paper). University of California, Berkeley. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265888586_Transport_Infrastructure_and_Firm_Location_Choice_in_Equilibrium_Evidence_from_Indonesia%27s_Highways
Shi, B. (2009). Faced with doubt, what should the highway do. New Views, New Doctrines, Academic Salon Collection 26: The Relationship between the National Highway Network and Economic and Social Development (pp. 80–84).
Shirley, C., & Winston, C. (2004). Firm inventory behavior and the returns from highway infrastructure investments. Journal of Urban Economics, 55(2), 398–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2003.11.001
Simonovska, I., & Waugh, M. E. (2014). The elasticity of trade: Estimates and evidence. Journal of international Economics, 92(1), 34–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.10.001
Song, Y., Lee, K., Anderson, W. P., & Lakshmanan, T. R. (2012). Industrial agglomeration and transport accessibility in metropolitan Seoul. Journal of Geographical Systems, 14, 299–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-011-0150-z
Taylor, P., & Derudder, B. (2015). World city network: A global urban analysis (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315730950
Tombe, T., & Zhu, X. (2019). Trade, migration, and productivity: A quantitative analysis of China. American Economic Review, 109(5), 1843–1872. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150811
Vickerman, R. W. (1974). Accessibility, attraction, and potential: A review of some concepts and their use in determining mobility. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 6(6), 675–691. https://doi.org/10.1068/a060675
Xu, M. (2017). Riding on the new silk road: Quantifying the welfare gains from high-speed railways (Job Market Paper). University of California, Davis.
Aschauer, D. A. (1989). Is public expenditure productive? Journal of Monetary Economics, 23(2), 177–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(89)90047-0
Baily, M. N., Chakrabarti, A. K., & Levin, R. C. (1985). Innovation and productivity in U.S. industry. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, (2), 609–639. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534447
Baldwin, R. E. (1994). Towards an integrated Europe (Vol. 25). Centre for Economic Policy Research.
Banister, D., & Thurstain-Goodwin, M. (2011). Quantification of the non-transport benefits resulting from rail investment. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(2), 212–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.05.001
Baum-Snow, N., Brandt, L., Henderson, J. V., Turner, M. A., & Zhang, Q. (2017). Roads, railroads, and decentralization of Chinese cities. Review of Economics and Statistics, 99(3), 435–448. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00660
Baum-Snow, N., Henderson, J. V., Turner, M. A., Zhang, Q., & Brandt, L. (2020). Does investment in national highways help or hurt hinterland city growth? Journal of Urban Economics, 115, Article 103124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2018.05.001
Berechman, J., Ozmen, D., & Ozbay, K. (2006). Empirical analysis of transportation investment and economic development at state, county and municipality levels. Transportation, 33, 537–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-006-7472-6
Bhat, C., Handy, S., Kockelman, K., Mahmassani, H., Chen, Q., & Weston, L. (2000). Development of an urban accessibility index: Literature review (Report No. TX-01/77-4938-1). University of Texas at Austin. Center for Transportation Research.
Boarnet, M. G. (1998). Spillovers and the locational effects of public infrastructure. Journal of Regional Science, 38(3), 381–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4146.00099
Bu, X., Zhang, T., & Zhang, S. (2019). The road to prosperity: A study on the efficiency of resource allocation in China’s highway construction. Management World, 355, 44–63.
Chakrabarti, S. (2018). Can highway development promote employment growth in India? Transport Policy, 69, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.05.009
Datta, S. (2012). The impact of improved highways on Indian firms. Journal of Development Economics, 99(1), 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.08.005
Denison, E. (1985). Trends in American economic growth. Brookings Institution Press.
Donaldson, D. (2018). Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the impact of transportation infrastructure. American Economic Review, 108(4–5), 899–934. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20101199
Donaldson, D., & Hornbeck, R. (2016). Railroads and American economic growth: A “market access” approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(2), 799–858. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw002
Duranton, G., & Turner, M. A. (2012). Urban growth and transportation. Review of Economic Studies, 79(4), 1407–1440. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rds010
Eisner, R. (1991). Infrastructure and regional economic performance: Comment. New England Economic Review, (9), 47–58.
Egger, P. (2002). An econometric view on the estimation of gravity models and the calculation of trade potentials. World Economy, 25(2), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00432
Evans, P., & Karras, G. (1994). Are government activities productive? Evidence from a panel of US states. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109821
Faber, B. (2014). Trade integration, market size, and industrialization: Evidence from China’s National trunk highway system. Review of Economic Studies, 81(3), 1046–1070. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdu010
Ferrari, C., Bottasso, A., Conti, M., & Tei, A. (2019). The economics of transport infrastructure. In Economic role of transport infrastructure: Theory and models (pp. 5–38). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813096-4.00002-0
Fotheringham, A. S., & O’Kelly, M. E. (1989). Spatial interaction models: Formulations and applications (Vol. 1, p. 989). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Fu, W. (2016). Highway construction requires capacity reduction. International Financial News. http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2016-09-26/doc-ifxwevww1546661.shtml
Gao, X., Long, X., & Yang, G. (2015). Transportation infrastructure and service industry development: Evidence from county-level highways and enterprise data from the second economic census. Management World, (8), 81–96.
Garcia-Milà, T., McGuire, T. J., & Porter, R. H. (1996). The effect of public capital in state-level production functions reconsidered. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 78(1), 177–180. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109857
Ghani, E., Goswami, A. G., & Kerr, W. R. (2016). Highway to success: The impact of the golden quadrilateral project for the location and performance of Indian manufacturing. The Economic Journal, 126(591), 317–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12207
Gramlich, E. M. (1994). Infrastructure investment: A review essay. Journal of Economic Literature, 32(3), 1176–1196.
Griliches, Z. (1988). Productivity puzzles and R&D: Another nonexplanation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2(4), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.2.4.9
Harris, Z. S. (1954). Distributional structure. Word, 10(2–3), 146–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1954.11659520
Hennemann, S., & Derudder, B. (2014). An alternative approach to the calculation and analysis of connectivity in the world city network. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 41(3), 392–412. https://doi.org/10.1068/b39108
Holl, A. (2004). Transport infrastructure, agglomeration economies, and firm birth: Empirical evidence from Portugal. Journal of Regional Science, 44(4), 693–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-4146.2004.00354.x
Holl, A. (2016). Highways and productivity in manufacturing firms. Journal of Urban Economics, 93, 131–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2016.04.002
Irshad, R., Mehr-un-Nisa & Ghafoor, N. (2023). Infrastructure and economic growth: Evidence from lower middle-income countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14(1), 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00855-1
Janelle, D. G. (1968). Central place development in a time‐space framework. The Professional Geographer, 20(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1968.00005.x
Jiwattanakulpaisarn, P., Noland, R. B., & Graham, D. J. (2011). Highway infrastructure and private output: Evidence from static and dynamic production function models. Transportmetrica, 7(5), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/18128600903479638
Jiwattanakulpaisarn, P., Noland, R. B., & Graham, D. J. (2012). Marginal productivity of expanding highway capacity. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy (JTEP), 46(3), 333–347.
Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 483–499. https://doi.org/10.1086/261763
Li, B., Gao, S., Liang, Y., Kang, Y., Prestby, T., Gao, Y., & Xiao, R. (2020). Estimation of regional economic development indicator from transportation network analytics. Scientific reports, 10(1), Article 2647. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59505-2
Liang, W. (2001). Analysis on the factors of the increase and decline of transportation cost of highway and ordinary highway vehicles. Hebei Qiye, 10, 28–29.
Lin, S., Ye, W., & Zhang, L. (2018). Impact of time effect to the location of manufacturing films – Analysis on the relationship between highway network and new manufacturing films. China Industrial Economics, 2, 137–156.
Lin, Y. (2017). Travel costs and urban specialization patterns: Evidence from China’s high speed railway system. Journal of Urban Economics, 98, 98–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2016.11.002
Lu, j., Du, Q., & Sun, P. (2018). Time cost, city size and economic growth per capita: An empirical analysis based on railway time data. Management World, 34, 74–85.
Magazzino, C., & Maltese, I. (2021). Transport infrastructures: Investments, evaluation and regional economic growth. Research in Transportation Economics, 88, Article 101125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101125
Mao, J., Tian, Q., & Lu, C. (2022). Impact of rapid transit development on urban economic growth: An empirical study of the urban agglomerations in China. Frontiers in Earth Science, 10, Article 920796. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.920796
Moreno, R., & López-Bazo, E. (2007). Returns to local and transport infrastructure under regional spillovers. International Regional Science Review, 30(1), 47–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017606296728
Munnel, A. (1990). How does public infrastructure affect regional performance? An overview. Proceedings of a Conference held at Harwich Port, Massachusetts, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, MA, 69–103.
National Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.) https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (n.d.-a). China city statistical yearbook 1990–2023. China Statistics Press. https://data.cnki.net/
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (n.d.-b). China statistical yearbook for regional economy 2001–2014. China Statistics Press. https://data.cnki.net/
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (n.d.-c). China transport statistical yearbook 2010–2022. China Statistics Press. https://data.cnki.net/
Nenavath, S. (2023). Does transportation infrastructure impact economic growth in India? Journal of Facilities Management, 21(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFM-03-2021-0032
Nilsson, L. (2000). Trade integration and the EU economic membership criteria. European Journal of Political Economy, 16(4), 807–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(99)00060-9
Ozbay, K., Ozmen-Ertekin, D., & Berechman, J. (2007). Contribution of transportation investments to county output. Transport Policy, 14(4), 317–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.03.004
Pereira, A. M., & Andraz, J. M. (2004). Public highway spending and state spillovers in the USA. Applied Economics Letters, 11(12), 785–788. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350485042000254593
Reilly, W. J. (1929). Methods for the study of retail relationships (University of Texas Bulletin No. 2944). Bureau of Business Research.
Rosenstein-Rodan, P. N. (1943). Problems of industrialisation of eastern and south-eastern Europe. The Economic Journal, 53(210–211), 202–211. https://doi.org/10.2307/2226317
Rostow, W. W. (1960). The stages of economic growth: A non-communist manifesto. Cambridge University Press.
Rothenberg, A. D. (2011). Transport infrastructure and firm location choice in equilibrium: Evidence from Indonesia’s highways (Job Market Paper). University of California, Berkeley. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265888586_Transport_Infrastructure_and_Firm_Location_Choice_in_Equilibrium_Evidence_from_Indonesia%27s_Highways
Shi, B. (2009). Faced with doubt, what should the highway do. New Views, New Doctrines, Academic Salon Collection 26: The Relationship between the National Highway Network and Economic and Social Development (pp. 80–84).
Shirley, C., & Winston, C. (2004). Firm inventory behavior and the returns from highway infrastructure investments. Journal of Urban Economics, 55(2), 398–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2003.11.001
Simonovska, I., & Waugh, M. E. (2014). The elasticity of trade: Estimates and evidence. Journal of international Economics, 92(1), 34–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.10.001
Song, Y., Lee, K., Anderson, W. P., & Lakshmanan, T. R. (2012). Industrial agglomeration and transport accessibility in metropolitan Seoul. Journal of Geographical Systems, 14, 299–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-011-0150-z
Taylor, P., & Derudder, B. (2015). World city network: A global urban analysis (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315730950
Tombe, T., & Zhu, X. (2019). Trade, migration, and productivity: A quantitative analysis of China. American Economic Review, 109(5), 1843–1872. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150811
Vickerman, R. W. (1974). Accessibility, attraction, and potential: A review of some concepts and their use in determining mobility. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 6(6), 675–691. https://doi.org/10.1068/a060675
Xu, M. (2017). Riding on the new silk road: Quantifying the welfare gains from high-speed railways (Job Market Paper). University of California, Davis.