Adoption of MIMIC model for estimation of digital shadow economy
Abstract
This articles analyses a contemporary problem, which has not been thoroughly analysed in scientific literature – Estimation of Digital Shadow Economy through a modified MIMIC model. It is the first pilot research of such type, which allows to reveal the need of deeper data analysis and data collection. Received results show, that three causal factors (internet access, and PC availability for households, non-cash payments, placement of innovative financial instruments on a market) and three indicators (non-cash transfers through internet payment platforms, volume of payments in cryptocurrencies and parcels, which are tax free at the customs) are not enough in order to perform interpretations of economic results. Additionally, the data set should cover longer-term data, however the limitation appears due to relatively short existence of innovative financial products and the lack of information accumulation about necessary data in statistical databases.
Keyword : digital shadow economy, MIMIC model
How to Cite
Gasparėnienė, L., Remeikienė, R., Ginevičius, R., & Schieg, M. (2018). Adoption of MIMIC model for estimation of digital shadow economy. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 24(4), 1453-1465. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2017.1342287
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Ledingham, R.; Mills, R. 2015. A preliminary study of autism and cybercrime in the context of international law enforcement, Advances in Autism 1(1): 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-05-2015-0003
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Neale, L.; Fullerton, S. 2010. The international search for ethics norms: which consumer behaviors do consumers consider (un)acceptable?, Journal of Services Marketing 24(6): 476–486. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876041011072591
Paypal. 2016. Who we are [online], [cited 28 December 2016]. Available from Internet: https://www.paypal.com/us/webapps/mpp/about
Remeikiene, R.; Gaspareniene, L.; Schneider, F. G. 2018. The definition of digital shadow economy, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 24(2): 696–717. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2016.1266530
Revolut Limited. 2015. Simply revolutionary [online], [cited 14 December 2016]. Available from Internet: https://revolut.com/about
Schneider, F. 2015. Size and development of the shadow economy of 31 European and 5 other OECD countries from 2003 to 2015: different developments [online], [cited 18 December 2016]. Available from Internet: http://www.econ.jku.at/members/schneider/files/publications/2015/shadeceurope31.pdf
Schneider, F.; Raczkowski, K.; Mróz, B. 2015. Shadow economy and tax evasion in the EU, Journal of Money Laundering Control 18(1): 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-09-2014-0027
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Swire, P. 2009. No cop on the beat: underenforcement in e-commerce and cybercrime, Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law 7(1): 107–126.
Taylor, S. A. 2012. Evaluating digital piracy intentions on behaviours, Journal of Services Marketing 26(7): 472–483. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876041211266404
The Bank of Lithuania. 2016. Mokėjimai negrynaisiais pinigais [Non-cash payments] [online], [cited 28 December 2016]. Available from Internet: https://www.lb.lt/mokejimai_negrynaisiais_pinigais (in Lithuanian)
Vlachos, V.; Minou, M.; Assimakopouos, V.; Toska, A. 2011. The landscape of cybercrime in Greece, Information Management & Computer Security 19(2): 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1108/09685221111143051
Wall, D. S.; Williams, M. 2007. Policing diversity in the digital age: maintaining order in virtual communities, Criminology and Criminal Justice 7(4): 391–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895807082064
Zhang, G.; Liu, Z. 2011. Effects of influential factors on consumer perceptions of uncertainty for online shopping, Nankai Business Review International 2(2): 158–171.
Amasiatu, C. V.; Shah, M. H. 2014. First party fraud: a review of the forms and motives of fraudulent consumer behaviours in e-tailing, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 42(9): 805–817. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-05-2013-0112
Archer, N. 2011. Consumer identity theft prevention and identity fraud detection behaviours, Journal of Financial Crime 19(1): 20–36. https://doi.org/10.1108/13590791211190704
Arli, D.; Tjiptono, F.; Porto, R. 2015. The impact of moral equity, relativism and attitude on individuals’ digital piracy behaviour in a developing country, Marketing Intelligence & Planning 33(3): 348–365. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-09-2013-0149
AT Kearney. 2013. The shadow economy in Europe 2013 [online], [cited 16 November 2016]. Financial Institutions. Available from Internet: https://www.atkearney.com/financial-institutions/featured-article/-/asset_publisher/j8IucAqMqEhB/content/the-shadow-economy-in-europe-2013/10192
Bossler, A. M.; Holt, T. H. 2012. Patrol officers’ perceived role in responding to cybercrime, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 35(1): 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511211215504
Brown, R.; Gillespie, S. 2015. Overseas financial investigation of organised crime: examining the barriers to effective implementation, Journal of Money Laundering Control 18(3): 371–381. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-03-2014-0010
Camarero, C.; Anton, C.; Rodriguez, J. 2014. Technological and ethical antecedents of e-book piracy and price acceptance: evidence from the Spanish case, The Electronic Library 32(4): 542–566. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-11-2012-0149
Ciaian, P.; Rajcaniova, M.; d’Artis, K. 2014. The economics of Bitcoin price formation [online], [cited 16 November 2016]. Available from Internet: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1405/1405.4498.pdf
Digital finance information website IBAN.lt. 2016. Mokėjimų priemonės [Payment measures] [online], [cited 28 December 2016]. Available from Internet: http://iban.lt/category/mokejimu-priemones/ (in Lithuanian)
Dillet, R. 2015. Revolut raises $2.3 million for its mobile foreign exchange service [online], [cited 14 November 2016]. Available from Internet: https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/20/revolut-raises-2-3-million-for-its-mobile-foreign-exchange-service/
Elgin, C.; Schneider, F. 2013. Shadow economies in OECD countries: DGE vs MIMIC approaches [online], [cited 15 December 2016]. Available from Internet: http://www.econ.boun.edu.tr/content/wp/EC2013_13.pdf
Enste, D. H. 2015. The shadow economy in industrial countries [online], [cited 28 December 2016]. Available from Internet: http://wol.iza.org/articles/shadow-economy-in-industrial-countries.pdf
European Commission. 2016. Buying goods online coming from a non-European Union country [online], [cited 28 December 2016]. Available from Internet: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/individuals/buying-goods-services-online-personal-use/buying-goods/buying-goods-online-coming-from-a-noneu-union-country_en
European Parliament and the Council. 2013. Regulation No. 549/2013 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union, Official Journal of the European Union 174 [online], [cited 28 December 2016]. Available from Internet: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2013.174.01.0001.01.ENG
Eurostat. 2016. Building the system of national accounts – non-observed sector [online], [cited 15 December 2016]. Available from Internet: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Building_the_System_of_National_Accounts_-_non-observed_sector
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. 2014. Safe Internet banking [online], [cited 28 December 2016]. Available from Internet: https://www.fdic.gov/bank/individual/online/safe.html
Galdikienė, L. 2013. Bitkoinai – ateities valiuta ar vienadienė žvaigždė? [Bitcoins – a future currency or an instant star?] [online], [cited 15 December 2016]. Available from Internet: http://www.delfi.lt/verslas/verslas/l-galdikiene-bitkoinai-ateities-valiuta-ar-tik-vienadiene-zvaigzde.d?id=63544394 (in Lithuanian)
Gasparėnienė, L.; Remeikienė, R. 2015. Digital shadow economy: a critical review of literature, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 6(6S5): 402–409.
Hawkins, C. 2016. Revolut: not necessarily cheaper than an(y) other Mastercard [online], [cited 28 December 2016]. Available from Internet: https://metabubble.net/payment-cards-bank-accounts/revolut-not-necessarily-cheaper-than-any-other-mastercard/#Fixed_weekend_exchange_rate
Holt, T. J.; Blevins, K. R.; Burkert, N. 2010. Considering the paedophile subculture on-line, Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment 22(1): 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063209344979
Information Society Development Committee under the Ministry of Transport and Communications. 2015. Kompiuterius ir interneto prieigą namuose turėjo 66 procentai namų ūkių [Computer and Internet access was available to 66 percent of households] [online], [cited 18 December 2016]. Available from Internet: http://ivpk.lrv.lt/lt/naujienos/kompiuterius-ir-interneto-prieiga-namuose-turejo-66-procentai-namu-ukiu (in Lithuanian)
Ingram, J.; Hinduja, S. 2008. Neutralizing music piracy: an empirical examination, Deviant Behaviour 29(4): 334–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620701588131
Juškienė, G. 2015. Overview of the methods used to ensure exhaustiveness the national accounts of Lithuania [online], [cited 15 November 2016]. Available from Internet: http://www.oecd.org/std/na/2069700.pdf
Ledingham, R.; Mills, R. 2015. A preliminary study of autism and cybercrime in the context of international law enforcement, Advances in Autism 1(1): 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-05-2015-0003
Lithuanian Department of Statistics. 2016. Informacinių technologijų naudojimas namų ūkiuose [Usage of information technologies in households] [online], [cited 18 December 2016]. Available from Internet: https://osp.stat.gov.lt/informaciniai-pranesimai?eventId=62513 (in Lithuanian)
Lithuanian international transfer advisory website Pinigų pervedimai.lt. 2013. Tarptautinių pinigų perlaidų bendrovių palyginimas [Comparison of international money transfer companies] [online], [cited 28 December 2016]. Available from Internet: http://www.pinigupervedimai.lt/tarptautiniu-pinigu-perlaidu-bendroviu-palyginimas/ (in Lithuanian)
Mello, J. P. 2013. Cybercrime fuelled by mature digital underground [online], [cited 10 November 2016]. Available from Internet: http://www.csoonline.com/article/2133649/identity-access/cybercrimefueled-by-mature-digital-underground.html
Neale, L.; Fullerton, S. 2010. The international search for ethics norms: which consumer behaviors do consumers consider (un)acceptable?, Journal of Services Marketing 24(6): 476–486. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876041011072591
Paypal. 2016. Who we are [online], [cited 28 December 2016]. Available from Internet: https://www.paypal.com/us/webapps/mpp/about
Remeikiene, R.; Gaspareniene, L.; Schneider, F. G. 2018. The definition of digital shadow economy, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 24(2): 696–717. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2016.1266530
Revolut Limited. 2015. Simply revolutionary [online], [cited 14 December 2016]. Available from Internet: https://revolut.com/about
Schneider, F. 2015. Size and development of the shadow economy of 31 European and 5 other OECD countries from 2003 to 2015: different developments [online], [cited 18 December 2016]. Available from Internet: http://www.econ.jku.at/members/schneider/files/publications/2015/shadeceurope31.pdf
Schneider, F.; Raczkowski, K.; Mróz, B. 2015. Shadow economy and tax evasion in the EU, Journal of Money Laundering Control 18(1): 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-09-2014-0027
Smith, G. S. 2015. Management models for international cybercrime, Journal of Financial Crime 22(1): 104–125. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-09-2013-0051
Statista. 2017a. Bitcoin price index from November 2014 to November 2016 (in U.S. dollars) [online], [cited 18 December 2016]. Available from Internet: https://www.statista.com/statistics/326707/bitcoin-price-index/
Statista. 2017b. PayPal’s total payment volume from 1st quarter 2014 to 4th quarter 2016 (in billion U.S. dollars) [online], [cited 18 December 2016]. Available from Internet: https://www.statista.com/statistics/277841/paypals-total-payment-volume/
Swire, P. 2009. No cop on the beat: underenforcement in e-commerce and cybercrime, Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law 7(1): 107–126.
Taylor, S. A. 2012. Evaluating digital piracy intentions on behaviours, Journal of Services Marketing 26(7): 472–483. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876041211266404
The Bank of Lithuania. 2016. Mokėjimai negrynaisiais pinigais [Non-cash payments] [online], [cited 28 December 2016]. Available from Internet: https://www.lb.lt/mokejimai_negrynaisiais_pinigais (in Lithuanian)
Vlachos, V.; Minou, M.; Assimakopouos, V.; Toska, A. 2011. The landscape of cybercrime in Greece, Information Management & Computer Security 19(2): 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1108/09685221111143051
Wall, D. S.; Williams, M. 2007. Policing diversity in the digital age: maintaining order in virtual communities, Criminology and Criminal Justice 7(4): 391–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895807082064
Zhang, G.; Liu, Z. 2011. Effects of influential factors on consumer perceptions of uncertainty for online shopping, Nankai Business Review International 2(2): 158–171.