An application of impact calculation method in transportation
Abstract
Forecasted/projected rise of impacts in modes of transportation has necessitated a new rethinking of the evaluation of total impact. While most researchers deal with defined parts (like environmental impact) of the total impact. The total impact calculation methodology includes: (1) analysis of all the impacts (environmental impact, safety and security, costs, cost benefits and sustainability), (2) evaluation on the transportation system level, (3) as their total value (including all the related sub-systems and elements, i.e. transport infrastructure, transport flow control), (4) generation of total impact index. Such an index might be called as transport total sustainability index. The paper defines the Total Impact Performance Index (TIPI) evaluating the total impact in the form of generalized (summarized) costs, specifies its calculation methodology, develops a simplified Excel based calculation methods. It aims to demonstrate the applicability of this methodology, which involves evaluation of impacts in more detailed forms, two parts calculation methods namely impact of road transport safety aspects and impact of the railway transport. Finally, some selected results of the applied new index calculation and developed methodology are introduced and analysed.
Keyword : total impact performance index, greenhouse gas, emission, transportation, impacts evaluation, external costs, safety aspect
How to Cite
Wangai, A., Kale, U., & Kinzhikeyev, S. (2020). An application of impact calculation method in transportation. Transport, 35(4), 435-446. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.13909
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
ACARE. 2001. Meeting Society’s Needs and Winning Global Leadership. Report of the Group of Personalities. Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe (ACARE). 26 p. Available from Internet: https://www.acare4europe.org/documents/vision-2020
ACARE. 2017. Strategic Research & Innovation Agenda. 2017 Update. Volume 1. Advisory Council for Aviation Research and Innovation in Europe (ACARE). 100 p. Available from Internet: https://www.acare4europe.org/sites/acare4europe.org/files/document/ACARE-Strategic-Research-Innovation-Volume-1.pdf
Anas, A.; Lindsey, R. 2011. Reducing urban road transportation externalities: road pricing in theory and in practice, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 5(1): 66–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/req019
Andersson, H. 2007. Willingness to pay for road safety and estimates of the risk of death: Evidence from a Swedish contingent valuation study, Accident Analysis & Prevention 39(4): 853–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.12.008
Bickel, P.; Friedrich, R. (Eds.). 2005. ExternE: Externalities of Energy: Methodology 2005 Update. European Commision. 287 p.
Bickel, P.; Friedrich, R.; Burgess, A.; Fagiani, P.; Hunt, A.; De Jong, G.; Navrud, S. 2006. HEATCO: Developing Harmonised European Approaches for Transport Costing and Project Assessment. Deliverable 6: Case Study Results. Contract No FP6-2002-SSP-1/502481. Institute of Energy Economics and Rational Energy Use, University of Stuttgart, Germany. 45 p.
Bicsák, G.; Hornyák, A.; Veress, Á. 2012. Numerical simulation of combustion processes in a gas turbine, AIP Conference Proceedings 1493: 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4765482
BTS. 2018. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, US. Available from Internet: https://www.bts.gov
Chester, M. V.; Horvath, A. 2009. Environmental assessment of passenger transportation should include infrastructure and supply chains, Environmental Research Letters 4(2): 024008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/2/024008
CORDIS. 2006. HEATCO: Developing Harmonised European Approaches for Transport Costing and Project Assessment. 6th RTD Framework Programme. Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS). Available from Internet: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/502481
Csikós, A.; Varga, I.; Hangos, K. M. 2015. Modeling of the dispersion of motorway traffic emission for control purposes, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 58: 598–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2015.03.027
De Ceuster, G.; Van Herbruggen, B.; Logghe, S.; Proost, S. 2004. TREMOVE 2.2: Model and Baseline Description. Report for European Commission. Service Contract B4-3040/2002/342069/MAR/C.1. 156 p. Available from Internet: https://www.asser.nl/upload/eel-webroot/www/documents/TREMOVEreport.pdf
Dobranskyte-Niskota, A. M.; Perujo, A.; Pregl, M. 2007. Indicators to Assess Sustainability of Transport Activities. Part 1: Review of the Existing Transport Sustainability Indicators Initiatives and Development of an Indicator Set to Assess Transport Sustainability Performance. Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission. EUR 23041 EN. 59 p. https://doi.org/10.2788/54736
EC. 2011a. Commission Staff Working Paper: Impact Assessment – Accompanying document to the White Paper: Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a Competitive and Resource Efficient Transport System. SEC(2011) 358 Final, Brussels, 28 March 2011. European Commission (EC). 171 p. Available from Internet: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriS-erv/LexUriServ.do?uri=SEC:2011:0358:FIN:EN:PDF
EC. 2011b. Flightpath 2050: Europe’s Vision for Aviation: Maintaining Global Leadership and Serving Society’s Needs. European Commission (EC). 32 p. https://doi.org/10.2777/50266
EC. 2011c. White Paper on Transport: Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area: Towards a Competitive and Resource Efficient Transport System. European Commission (EC). 32 p. https://doi.org/10.2832/30955
EC. 2014. Commission Directive 2014/88/EU of 9 July 2014 Amending Directive 2004/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as Regards Common Safety Indicators and Common Methods of Calculating Accident Costs. European Commission (EC). Available from Internet: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/88/oj
Edenhofer, O.; Pichs-Madruga, R.; Sokona, Y.; Farahani, E.; Kadner, S.; Seyboth, K.; Adler, A.; Baum, I.; Brunner, S.; Eickemeier, P.; Kriemann, B.; Savolainen, J.; Schlömer, S.; Von Stechow, C.; Zwickel, T.; Minx J. C. (Eds.). 2014. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 1454 p. Available from Internet: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3
EU. 2016. Statistical Pocketbook 2016: EU Transport in Figures. Publications Office of the European Union (EU), Luxembourg. 160 p. Available from Internet: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/facts-fundings/statistics/pocketbook-2016_en
Eurostat. 2018. European Statistics. Available from Internet: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database/information
Fazzalaro, J. J. 2002. Elderly Driver Issues. OLR Research Report 2002-R-0021. Office of Legislative Research (OLR), Hartford, CT, US. Available from Internet: https://www.cga.ct.gov/2002/olrdata/tra/rpt/2002-R-0021.htm
Furch, J. 2016. A model for predicting motor vehicle life cycle cost and its verification, Transactions of FAMENA 40(1): 15–26.
Ghadi, M.; Török, Á.; Tánczos, K. 2018. Study of the economic cost of road accidents in Jordan, Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 46(3): 129–134. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPtr.10392
Hellgren, J. 2007. Life cycle cost analysis of a car, a city bus and an intercity bus powertrain for year 2005 and 2020, Energy Policy 35(1): 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.10.004
Horvath, A.; Matthews, H. S. 2005. Sustainability of transportation and other infrastructure systems, Journal of Infrastructure Systems 11(1): 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2005)11:1(1)
Janic, M. 2007. Modelling the full costs of an intermodal and road freight transport network, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 12(1): 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2006.10.004
Jun, H. K.; Kim, J. H. 2007. Life cycle cost modeling for railway vehicle, in 2007 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 8–11 October 2007, Seoul, South Korea, 1989–1994.
Kaddoura, I.; Nagel, K. 2018. Simultaneous internalization of traffic congestion and noise exposure costs, Transportation 45(5): 1579–1600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-017-9776-0
KSH. 2015. Közlekedési baleseti statisztikai évkönyv, 2014 [Statistical Yearbook of Traffic Accidents, 2014]. Központi Statisztikai Hivatal (KSH) [Hungarian Central Statistical Office]. 133 o. Available from Internet: https://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/baleset/baleset14.pdf (in Hungarian).
Litman, T. 2019. Well Measured Developing Indicators for Sustainable and Livable Transport Planning. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, Canada. 110 p. Available from Internet: https://www.vtpi.org/wellmeas.pdf
Maibach, M.; Schreyer, C.; Sutter, D.; Van Essen, H. P.; Boon, B. H.; Smokers, R.; Schroten, A.; Doll, C.; Pawlowska, B.; Bak., M. 2008. Handbook on Estimation of External Costs in the Transport Sector. Produced within the Study Internalisation Measures and Policies for All external Cost of Transport (IM-PACT). Version 1.1. CE Delft, The Netherlands. 336 p. Available from Internet: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/trans-port/files/themes/sustainable/doc/2008_costs_handbook.pdf
Messagie, M.; Lebeau, K.; Coosemans, T.; Macharis, C.; Van Mierlo, J. 2013. Environmental and financial evaluation of passenger vehicle technologies in Belgium, Sustainability 5(12): 5020–5033. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5125020
Mommens, K.; Lebeau, P.; Verlinde, S.; Van Lier, T.; Macharis, C. 2018. Evaluating the impact of off-hour deliveries: an application of the transport agent-based model, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 62: 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.02.003
Nellthorp, J.; Mackie, P.; Bristow, A. 1998. EUNET: Socio-Economic and Spatial Impacts of Transport. Deliverable D9: Measurement and Valuation of the Impacts of Transport Initiatives. Contract: ST-96-SC.037. Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK. 159 p. Available from Internet: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/tremove/pdf/measurement_maintext.pdf
OECD. 2018. OECD Environmental Data and Indicators. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Available from Internet: http://www.oecd.org/env/indicators-modelling-outlooks/data-and-indicators.htm
Quddus, M. A.; Wang, C.; Ison, S. G. 2010. Road traffic congestion and crash severity: econometric analysis using ordered response models, Journal of Transportation Engineering 136(5): 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000044
Ricardo-AEA. 2014. Update of the Handbook on External Costs of Transport. Final Report Ricardo-AEA/R/ED57769. 139 p. Available from Internet: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/themes/sustainable/studies/doc/2014-handbook-external-costs-transport.pdf
Rigo, N.; Hekkenberg, R.; Ndiaye, A. B.; Hadhazi, D.; Simongati, G.; Hargitai, C. 2007. Performance assessment for intermodal chains, European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 7(4): 283–300. https://doi.org/10.18757/ejtir.2007.7.4.3400
Rohacs, D.; Rohacs, J. 2016. Magnetic levitation assisted aircraft take-off and landing (feasibility study – GABRIEL concept), Progress in Aerospace Sciences 85: 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2016.06.001
Rohacs, D.; Voskuijl, M.; Rohacs, J.; Schoustra, R.-J. 2013. Preliminary evaluation of the environmental impact related to aircraft take-off and landings supported with ground based (MAGLEV) power, Journal of Aerospace Operations 2(3–4): 161–180. https://doi.org/10.3233/AOP-140040
Rohacs, J. 2010. Evaluation of the air transport efficiency definitions and their impact on the European personal air transportation system development, Transactions of the Institute of Aviation 205: 14–32.
Rohács, J.; Palme, R. 2010. Some thoughts on fatal road accidents, in Proceedings of the 2010 International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology, 26–29 October 2010, Hangzhou, China, Part B: 1917–1930.
Rohács, J.; Rohács, D. 2020. Total impact evaluation of transportation systems, Transport 35(2): 193–202. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12640
Rohács, J.; Simongáti, G. 2007. The role of inland waterway navigation in a sustainable transport system, Transport 22(3): 148–153. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2007.9638117
Santero, N.; Masanet, E.; Horvath, A. 2010. Life Cycle Assessment of Pavements: a Critical Review of Existing Literature and Research. Prepared with the support of the Portland Cement Association through the Department of Energy under Contract No DE-AC02-05CH11231. University of California, US. 88 p. Available from Internet: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8632v9cc
Santos, G.; Behrendt, H.; Maconi, L.; Shirvani, T.; Teytelboym, A. 2010. Part I: externalities and economic policies in road transport, Research in Transportation Economics 28(1): 2–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2009.11.002
Tánczos, K.; Török, Á. 2006. Estimation method for emission of road transport, Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 34(1–2): 93–100.
Van Essen, H.; Scroten, A.; Otten, M.; Sutter, D.; Schreyer, C.; Zandonella, R.; Maibach, M.; Doll, C. 2011. External Costs of Transport in Europe: Update Study for 2008. CE Delft, The Netherlands. 163 p. Available from Internet: http://www.cer.be/sites/default/files/publication/2312_External_Costs_update_study_FINAL.pdf
Wangai, A.; Kale, U.; Kinzhikeyev, S.; Tekbas, M. B., Rohacs, J. 2017. Influence of e-mobility on total impact of the transport means, in IFFK 2017 Innováció és fenntartható felszíni közlekedés, 30 August – 1 September 2017, Budapest, Hungary, 94–100.
WCED. 1987. Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). Oxford University Press. 383 p.
World Bank. 2018. World Bank Open Data. Available from Internet: https://data.worldbank.org
WRI. 2018. CAIT Climate Data Explorer. World Resources Institute (WRI), Washington, DC, US. Available from Internet: http://cait.wri.org
ACARE. 2017. Strategic Research & Innovation Agenda. 2017 Update. Volume 1. Advisory Council for Aviation Research and Innovation in Europe (ACARE). 100 p. Available from Internet: https://www.acare4europe.org/sites/acare4europe.org/files/document/ACARE-Strategic-Research-Innovation-Volume-1.pdf
Anas, A.; Lindsey, R. 2011. Reducing urban road transportation externalities: road pricing in theory and in practice, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 5(1): 66–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/req019
Andersson, H. 2007. Willingness to pay for road safety and estimates of the risk of death: Evidence from a Swedish contingent valuation study, Accident Analysis & Prevention 39(4): 853–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.12.008
Bickel, P.; Friedrich, R. (Eds.). 2005. ExternE: Externalities of Energy: Methodology 2005 Update. European Commision. 287 p.
Bickel, P.; Friedrich, R.; Burgess, A.; Fagiani, P.; Hunt, A.; De Jong, G.; Navrud, S. 2006. HEATCO: Developing Harmonised European Approaches for Transport Costing and Project Assessment. Deliverable 6: Case Study Results. Contract No FP6-2002-SSP-1/502481. Institute of Energy Economics and Rational Energy Use, University of Stuttgart, Germany. 45 p.
Bicsák, G.; Hornyák, A.; Veress, Á. 2012. Numerical simulation of combustion processes in a gas turbine, AIP Conference Proceedings 1493: 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4765482
BTS. 2018. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, US. Available from Internet: https://www.bts.gov
Chester, M. V.; Horvath, A. 2009. Environmental assessment of passenger transportation should include infrastructure and supply chains, Environmental Research Letters 4(2): 024008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/2/024008
CORDIS. 2006. HEATCO: Developing Harmonised European Approaches for Transport Costing and Project Assessment. 6th RTD Framework Programme. Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS). Available from Internet: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/502481
Csikós, A.; Varga, I.; Hangos, K. M. 2015. Modeling of the dispersion of motorway traffic emission for control purposes, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 58: 598–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2015.03.027
De Ceuster, G.; Van Herbruggen, B.; Logghe, S.; Proost, S. 2004. TREMOVE 2.2: Model and Baseline Description. Report for European Commission. Service Contract B4-3040/2002/342069/MAR/C.1. 156 p. Available from Internet: https://www.asser.nl/upload/eel-webroot/www/documents/TREMOVEreport.pdf
Dobranskyte-Niskota, A. M.; Perujo, A.; Pregl, M. 2007. Indicators to Assess Sustainability of Transport Activities. Part 1: Review of the Existing Transport Sustainability Indicators Initiatives and Development of an Indicator Set to Assess Transport Sustainability Performance. Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission. EUR 23041 EN. 59 p. https://doi.org/10.2788/54736
EC. 2011a. Commission Staff Working Paper: Impact Assessment – Accompanying document to the White Paper: Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a Competitive and Resource Efficient Transport System. SEC(2011) 358 Final, Brussels, 28 March 2011. European Commission (EC). 171 p. Available from Internet: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriS-erv/LexUriServ.do?uri=SEC:2011:0358:FIN:EN:PDF
EC. 2011b. Flightpath 2050: Europe’s Vision for Aviation: Maintaining Global Leadership and Serving Society’s Needs. European Commission (EC). 32 p. https://doi.org/10.2777/50266
EC. 2011c. White Paper on Transport: Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area: Towards a Competitive and Resource Efficient Transport System. European Commission (EC). 32 p. https://doi.org/10.2832/30955
EC. 2014. Commission Directive 2014/88/EU of 9 July 2014 Amending Directive 2004/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as Regards Common Safety Indicators and Common Methods of Calculating Accident Costs. European Commission (EC). Available from Internet: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/88/oj
Edenhofer, O.; Pichs-Madruga, R.; Sokona, Y.; Farahani, E.; Kadner, S.; Seyboth, K.; Adler, A.; Baum, I.; Brunner, S.; Eickemeier, P.; Kriemann, B.; Savolainen, J.; Schlömer, S.; Von Stechow, C.; Zwickel, T.; Minx J. C. (Eds.). 2014. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 1454 p. Available from Internet: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3
EU. 2016. Statistical Pocketbook 2016: EU Transport in Figures. Publications Office of the European Union (EU), Luxembourg. 160 p. Available from Internet: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/facts-fundings/statistics/pocketbook-2016_en
Eurostat. 2018. European Statistics. Available from Internet: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database/information
Fazzalaro, J. J. 2002. Elderly Driver Issues. OLR Research Report 2002-R-0021. Office of Legislative Research (OLR), Hartford, CT, US. Available from Internet: https://www.cga.ct.gov/2002/olrdata/tra/rpt/2002-R-0021.htm
Furch, J. 2016. A model for predicting motor vehicle life cycle cost and its verification, Transactions of FAMENA 40(1): 15–26.
Ghadi, M.; Török, Á.; Tánczos, K. 2018. Study of the economic cost of road accidents in Jordan, Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 46(3): 129–134. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPtr.10392
Hellgren, J. 2007. Life cycle cost analysis of a car, a city bus and an intercity bus powertrain for year 2005 and 2020, Energy Policy 35(1): 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.10.004
Horvath, A.; Matthews, H. S. 2005. Sustainability of transportation and other infrastructure systems, Journal of Infrastructure Systems 11(1): 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2005)11:1(1)
Janic, M. 2007. Modelling the full costs of an intermodal and road freight transport network, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 12(1): 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2006.10.004
Jun, H. K.; Kim, J. H. 2007. Life cycle cost modeling for railway vehicle, in 2007 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 8–11 October 2007, Seoul, South Korea, 1989–1994.
Kaddoura, I.; Nagel, K. 2018. Simultaneous internalization of traffic congestion and noise exposure costs, Transportation 45(5): 1579–1600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-017-9776-0
KSH. 2015. Közlekedési baleseti statisztikai évkönyv, 2014 [Statistical Yearbook of Traffic Accidents, 2014]. Központi Statisztikai Hivatal (KSH) [Hungarian Central Statistical Office]. 133 o. Available from Internet: https://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/baleset/baleset14.pdf (in Hungarian).
Litman, T. 2019. Well Measured Developing Indicators for Sustainable and Livable Transport Planning. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, Canada. 110 p. Available from Internet: https://www.vtpi.org/wellmeas.pdf
Maibach, M.; Schreyer, C.; Sutter, D.; Van Essen, H. P.; Boon, B. H.; Smokers, R.; Schroten, A.; Doll, C.; Pawlowska, B.; Bak., M. 2008. Handbook on Estimation of External Costs in the Transport Sector. Produced within the Study Internalisation Measures and Policies for All external Cost of Transport (IM-PACT). Version 1.1. CE Delft, The Netherlands. 336 p. Available from Internet: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/trans-port/files/themes/sustainable/doc/2008_costs_handbook.pdf
Messagie, M.; Lebeau, K.; Coosemans, T.; Macharis, C.; Van Mierlo, J. 2013. Environmental and financial evaluation of passenger vehicle technologies in Belgium, Sustainability 5(12): 5020–5033. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5125020
Mommens, K.; Lebeau, P.; Verlinde, S.; Van Lier, T.; Macharis, C. 2018. Evaluating the impact of off-hour deliveries: an application of the transport agent-based model, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 62: 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.02.003
Nellthorp, J.; Mackie, P.; Bristow, A. 1998. EUNET: Socio-Economic and Spatial Impacts of Transport. Deliverable D9: Measurement and Valuation of the Impacts of Transport Initiatives. Contract: ST-96-SC.037. Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK. 159 p. Available from Internet: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/tremove/pdf/measurement_maintext.pdf
OECD. 2018. OECD Environmental Data and Indicators. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Available from Internet: http://www.oecd.org/env/indicators-modelling-outlooks/data-and-indicators.htm
Quddus, M. A.; Wang, C.; Ison, S. G. 2010. Road traffic congestion and crash severity: econometric analysis using ordered response models, Journal of Transportation Engineering 136(5): 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000044
Ricardo-AEA. 2014. Update of the Handbook on External Costs of Transport. Final Report Ricardo-AEA/R/ED57769. 139 p. Available from Internet: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/themes/sustainable/studies/doc/2014-handbook-external-costs-transport.pdf
Rigo, N.; Hekkenberg, R.; Ndiaye, A. B.; Hadhazi, D.; Simongati, G.; Hargitai, C. 2007. Performance assessment for intermodal chains, European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 7(4): 283–300. https://doi.org/10.18757/ejtir.2007.7.4.3400
Rohacs, D.; Rohacs, J. 2016. Magnetic levitation assisted aircraft take-off and landing (feasibility study – GABRIEL concept), Progress in Aerospace Sciences 85: 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2016.06.001
Rohacs, D.; Voskuijl, M.; Rohacs, J.; Schoustra, R.-J. 2013. Preliminary evaluation of the environmental impact related to aircraft take-off and landings supported with ground based (MAGLEV) power, Journal of Aerospace Operations 2(3–4): 161–180. https://doi.org/10.3233/AOP-140040
Rohacs, J. 2010. Evaluation of the air transport efficiency definitions and their impact on the European personal air transportation system development, Transactions of the Institute of Aviation 205: 14–32.
Rohács, J.; Palme, R. 2010. Some thoughts on fatal road accidents, in Proceedings of the 2010 International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology, 26–29 October 2010, Hangzhou, China, Part B: 1917–1930.
Rohács, J.; Rohács, D. 2020. Total impact evaluation of transportation systems, Transport 35(2): 193–202. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12640
Rohács, J.; Simongáti, G. 2007. The role of inland waterway navigation in a sustainable transport system, Transport 22(3): 148–153. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2007.9638117
Santero, N.; Masanet, E.; Horvath, A. 2010. Life Cycle Assessment of Pavements: a Critical Review of Existing Literature and Research. Prepared with the support of the Portland Cement Association through the Department of Energy under Contract No DE-AC02-05CH11231. University of California, US. 88 p. Available from Internet: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8632v9cc
Santos, G.; Behrendt, H.; Maconi, L.; Shirvani, T.; Teytelboym, A. 2010. Part I: externalities and economic policies in road transport, Research in Transportation Economics 28(1): 2–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2009.11.002
Tánczos, K.; Török, Á. 2006. Estimation method for emission of road transport, Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 34(1–2): 93–100.
Van Essen, H.; Scroten, A.; Otten, M.; Sutter, D.; Schreyer, C.; Zandonella, R.; Maibach, M.; Doll, C. 2011. External Costs of Transport in Europe: Update Study for 2008. CE Delft, The Netherlands. 163 p. Available from Internet: http://www.cer.be/sites/default/files/publication/2312_External_Costs_update_study_FINAL.pdf
Wangai, A.; Kale, U.; Kinzhikeyev, S.; Tekbas, M. B., Rohacs, J. 2017. Influence of e-mobility on total impact of the transport means, in IFFK 2017 Innováció és fenntartható felszíni közlekedés, 30 August – 1 September 2017, Budapest, Hungary, 94–100.
WCED. 1987. Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). Oxford University Press. 383 p.
World Bank. 2018. World Bank Open Data. Available from Internet: https://data.worldbank.org
WRI. 2018. CAIT Climate Data Explorer. World Resources Institute (WRI), Washington, DC, US. Available from Internet: http://cait.wri.org