Strategies and approach for smart city–port ecosystems development supported by the internet of things
Abstract
The article presents a new contribution to understanding and building novel phenomena of Smart City–Port (SCP) ecosystems and new approaches for the use of new technical and technological findings. The main aim is to elaborate specific strategies SCP ecosystem can secure in the future and an approach for synchronised SCP development for adaption to growing urbanization, mobility and business development, where all stakeholders would take an active role. Based on analysed literature 19 strategies for common smart development of cities and ports are highlighted. The relatively new phenomena of the Internet of Things (IoT) or Internet of Everything (IoE) can simplify their achievement in SCP ecosystem. Moreover, the proposed 3 level approach for technological development of sensing, monitoring and managing data for spatial, transport, environmental and social policy is used on 2 Northern Adriatic cities and ports. The research provides actual analyses of SCP development at Koper (Slovenia) and Rijeka (Croatia), where the development of ports was carried in a completely different way. The article thus proposes a 2 phase approach to the development of SCP and can be used more widely in building a symbiosis of cities and their ports. Firstly, the need to fulfil the strategy from the set of 19 SCP development strategies should be identified and secondly by using a 3 level approach, with existing technological support a SCP environment can be set.
Keyword : smart city, port, smart city–port, transport, internet of things, development strategies
How to Cite
Beškovnik, B., & Bajec, P. (2021). Strategies and approach for smart city–port ecosystems development supported by the internet of things. Transport, 36(5), 433-443. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2021.16194
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Bird, J. 1963. The Major Seaports of the United Kingdom. Hutchinson. 454 p.
Chamoso, P.; González-Briones, A.; Rodríguez, S.; Corchado, J. M. 2018. Tendencies of technologies and platforms in smart cities: a state-of-the-art review, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018: 3086854. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3086854
Csiszár, C.; Földes, D. 2018. System model for autonomous road freight transportation, Promet – Traffic & Transportation 30(1): 93–103. https://doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v30i1.2566
Daamen, T. 2007. Sustainable Development of the European port–city interface, in ENHR International Conference “Sustainable Urban Areas” 2007, 25–28 June 2007, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1–20.
Dameri, R. P.; Rosenthal-Sabroux, C. 2014. Smart city and value creation, in R. P. Dameri, C. Rosenthal-Sabroux (Eds.). Smart City, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06160-3_1
Debrie, J.; Raimbault, N. 2016. The port–city relationships in two European inland ports: a geographical perspective on urban governance, Cities 50: 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.10.004
DTTL. 2017. Smart Ports: Point of View. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (DTTL), UK. 20 p. Available from Internet: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/nl/Documents/energy-resources/deloitte-nl-er-port-services-smartports.pdf
Földes, D.; Csiszár, C. 2017. Model of information system for combined ride-sourcing service, in 2017 Smart City Symposium Prague (SCSP), 25–26 May 2017, Prague, Czech Republic, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCSP.2017.7973841
Fusco Girard, L. 2013. Toward a smart sustainable development of port cities/areas: the role of the “historic urban landscape” approach, Sustainability 5(10): 4329–4348. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5104329
Gharaibeh, A.; Salahuddin, M. A.; Hussini, S. J.; Khreishah, A.; Khalil, I.; Guizani, M.; Al-Fuqaha, A. 2017. Smart cities: a survey on data management, security, and enabling technologies, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 19(4): 2456–2501. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886
Gubbi, J.; Buyya, R.; Marusic, S.; Palaniswami, M. 2013. Internet of things (IoT): a vision, architectural elements, and future directions, Future Generation Computer Systems 29(7): 1645–1660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2013.01.010
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Hoyle, B. 2000. Global and local change on the port-city waterfront, Geographical Review 90(3): 395–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2000.tb00344.x
Hoyle, B. S.; Pinder, D. A. 1992. European Port Cities in Transition. Belhaven Press. 256 p.
Jin, J.; Gubbi, J.; Marusic, S.; Palaniswami, M. 2014. An information framework for creating a smart city through internet of things, IEEE Internet of Things Journal 1(2): 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2013.2296516
Iera, A.; Floerkemeier, C.; Mitsugi, J.; Morabito, G. 2010. The internet of things, IEEE Wireless Communications 17(6): 8–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2010.5675772
Juhel, M. H. 2001. Globalisation, privatisation and restructuring of ports, International Journal of Maritime Economics 3(2): 139–174. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ijme.9100012
Kopetz, H. 2011. Real-Time Systems: Design Principles for Distributed Embedded Applications. Springer. 378 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8237-7
Lombardi, P.; Giordano, S.; Farouh, H.; Yousef, W. 2012. Modelling the smart city performance, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 25(2): 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2012.660325
Luka Koper. 2016. Annual Report – the Luka Koper Group and Luka Koper, D. D. 2016. Luka Koper, Slovenia. 347 p. Available from Internet: https://www.luka-kp.si/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/LP2016-ENG-web.pdf
Morel, G.; Lima, F. R.; Martell-Flores, H.; Hissel, F. 2013. Tools for an integrated systems approach to sustainable port city planning, Revista Brasileira de Gestćo Urbana 5(2): 39–49.
Neirotti, P.; De Marco, A.; Cagliano, A. C.; Mangano, G.; Scorrano, F. 2014. Current trends in smart city initiatives: some stylised facts, Cities 38: 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.12.010
Norcliffe, G.; Bassett, K.; Hoare, T. 1996. The emergence of postmodernism on the urban waterfront: geographical perspectives on changing relationships, Journal of Transport Geography 4(2): 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0966-6923(96)00005-1
Notteboom, T. E.; Rodrigue, J.-P. 2005. Port regionalization: towards a new phase in port development, Maritime Policy & Management: the Flagship Journal of International Shipping and Port Research 32(3): 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088830500139885
Okuya, S. 2012. M2M and big data to realize the smart city, NEC Technical Journal 7(2): 67–71. Available from Internet: https://www.nec.com/en/global/techrep/journal/g12/n02/pdf/120214.pdf
Perera, C.; Zaslavsky, A.; Christen, P.; Georgakopoulos, D. 2014. Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by internet of things, Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies 25(1): 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.2704
Sušac, M.; Bulog, A.; Traven, L.; Barić, J. 2017. Environmental Monitoring in the Port of Rijeka Authority: 5th Semi-Annual Report. Document No. 2015-A-029-14. Rijeka, Croatia. 151 p. Available from Internet: https://www.portauthority.hr/en/sustainable-development/
UN. 2016. The World’s Cities in 2016: Data Booklet. United Nations, New York, US. 29 p. Available from Internet: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf
Wiegmans, B. W.; Louw, E. 2011. Changing port–city relations at Amsterdam: a new phase at the interface?, Journal of Transport Geography 19(4): 575–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.06.007
Witte, P.; Slack, B.; Keesman, M.; Jugie, J.-H.; Wiegmans, B. 2018. Facilitating start-ups in port-city innovation ecosystems: a case study of Montreal and Rotterdam, Journal of Transport Geography 71: 224–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.03.006
Yang, Y.; Zhong, M.; Yao, H.; Yu, F.; Fu, X.; Postolache, O. 2018. Internet of things for smart ports: technologies and challenges, IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 21(1): 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2018.8278808
Zhuhadar, L.; Thrasher, E.; Marklin, S.; De Pablos, P. O. 2017. The next wave of innovation – review of smart cities intelligent operation systems, Computers in Human Behavior 66: 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.030