Share:


Barriers in adoption of FinTech by street vendors and hawkers in India using interpretive structural modeling

    Priti Bakhshi Affiliation
    ; Reena Agrawal   Affiliation
    ; Suhan Mendon   Affiliation
    ; Daniel Frank Affiliation
    ; Cristi Spulbar Affiliation
    ; Ramona Birau Affiliation
    ; Robert Dorin Filip Affiliation

Abstract

The adoption of financial technology (fintech) has the potential to make banking and financial services more accessible and convenient for all, but there are significant barriers preventing the adoption of fintech by street vendors and hawkers in India. This study aims to identify and analyse the barriers to fintech adoption using interpretive structural modelling (ISM). The research identified nine key barriers to fintech adoption, including perceived risk, lack of trust, lack of perceived benefit, social influence, lack of awareness, cash culture, lack of literacy, perceived ease of use, and lack of financial literacy. The study utilizes ISM to develop a hierarchy of these barriers and their interrelationships. The findings suggest that to promote the adoption of fintech, it is essential to build trust and awareness of fintech services through education and out-reach programs. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the barriers to fintech adoption among street vendors and hawkers in India and offers insights into how these barriers can be overcomed. The study contributes to the development of strategies that can help promote the adoption of fintech among marginalized populations and advance financial inclusion in India.

Keyword : fintech, e-commerce, online banking, digital payments, street vendors, hawkers, Interpretive Structural Modeling

How to Cite
Bakhshi, P., Agrawal, R., Mendon, S., Frank, D., Spulbar, C., Birau, R., & Filip, R. D. (2024). Barriers in adoption of FinTech by street vendors and hawkers in India using interpretive structural modeling. Business: Theory and Practice, 25(1), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2024.19208
Published in Issue
Apr 25, 2024
Abstract Views
900
PDF Downloads
518
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Agi, M. A., & Nishant, R. (2017). Understanding influential factors on implementing green supply chain management practices: An interpretive structural modelling analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 188, 351–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.081

Agrawal, R. (2022). Role of fintech companies in increasing financial inclusion. Journal of Applied Management-Jidnyasa, 14(1), 24–36.

Agrawal, R. (2016). Technology paving way for financial inclusion in India – A reality check. Journal of Applied Management-Jidnyasa, 8(2), 9–12.

Ahmad, A., Yadav, R., & Ahmed, M. (2021). Factors affecting the adoption of fintech services among street vendors and hawkers in India: A study based on the technology acceptance model. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 39(3), 542–559.

Akingbola, K., & Odunsi, O. M. (2021). Financial literacy and the adoption of fintech services: Evidence from Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Nigeria. Journal of African Business, 22(1), 1–18.

Alalwan, A. A., Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., & Williams, M. D. (2018). Consumer adoption of mobile banking in Saudi Arabia: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 36(3), 545–566.

Al-Muftah, H., Weerakkody, V., Rana, N. P., Sivarajah, U., & Irani, Z. (2018). Factors influencing e-diplomacy implementation: Exploring causal relationships using interpretive structural modelling. Government Information Quarterly, 35(3), 502–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.03.002

Al-Okaily, M., Al Natour, A. R., Shishan, F., Al-Dmour, A., Alghazzawi, R., & Alsharairi, M. (2021). Sustainable FinTech innovation orientation: A moderated model. Sustainability, 13, Article 13591. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413591

Amofah, D. O., & Chai, J. (2022). Sustaining consumer e-commerce adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa: Do trust and payment method matter? Sustainability, 14(14), Article 8466. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148466

Arifin, Z., Amin, M. I., Shafiul, M., & Khan, A. (2019). Assessment of factors contributing to adoption of mobile financial services: A perspective of Bangladesh. Journal of Business Administration, 40(2).

Avgerou, C., & Liang, H. (2013). Information systems in developing countries: A critical research review. Journal of Information Technology, 28(4), 556–582. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2013.28

Bakhshi, P., Agrawal, R., Mendon, S., Birau, R., & Bărbăcioru, I. C. (2023). Framework of SDG leadership among SMEs in South Asian nations-using Interpretive Structural Modelling. Cogent Business & Management, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2253607

Bandyopadhyay, A., & Banerjee, P. (2020). Fintech adoption in India: Understanding the determinants and barriers. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 25(1), 22–37.

Bandyopadhyay, S., & Chatterjee, R. (2019). Financial inclusion through fintech: A study on the role of mobile banking and microfinance institutions in India. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 24(4), 121–136.

Bashir, M. A., & Madhavaiah, C. (2021). Barriers in adoption of fintech by street vendors and hawkers in tier-3 and tier-4 cities of India using interpretive structural modeling. Journal of Enterprise Information Management.

BFSI from Economic Times. (2023). Tier-III to Tier-VI Cities–India’s next growth drivers for the financial services sector. BFSCI Economic Times. https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/financial-services/tier-iii-to-tier-vi-cities-indias-next-growth-drivers-for-the-financial-services-sector/98096495

Bharadwaj, A., & Singh, M. (2019). Fintech and financial inclusion in India: A review of contemporary literature. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 138–147.

Bhatia, N., Rao, N., & Garg, M. (2021). Fintech adoption among Indian street vendors and hawkers: An exploratory study. International Journal of Business and Economics Research, 10(2), 47–55.

Boston Consulting Group. (2019). Shaping the future of Indian M&E. BCS.

Chai, L. T., Majid, I. A., & King, N. M. (2019). Determinants of mobile payment adoption in Malaysia: A partial least squares approach. International Journal of Business and Society, 20(1), 55–70.

Chen, L., & Li, X. (2021). Social influence on fintech adoption: An empirical study. Journal of Business Research, 124, 756–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.001

Choudhury, R. G., & Mondal, S. K. (2020). FinTech adoption and its barriers among street vendors in India: An empirical study. Journal of Public Affairs, Article e2416. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2416

Chuang, L.-M., Liu, C.-C., & Kao, H.-K. (2016). The adoption of Fintech Service: TAM perspective. International Journal of Management and Administrative Sciences (IJMAS), 3(7), 1–15.

Clear Tax Chronicle. (2019). Impact of FinTech companies in Tier II and Tier III cities of India. Clear Tax Chronicle. https://news.cleartax.in/impact-of-fintech-companies-in-tier-ii-and-tier-iii-cities-of-india/2446/

Cognizant. (2021). The work ahead: Asia drives digital’s future. Cognizant. https://www.cognizant.com/en_us/general/documents/the-work-ahead-asia-drives-digitals-future-codex6156.pdf

Daragmeh, A., Lentner, C., & Sági, J. (2021). FinTech payments in the era of COVID-19: Factors influencing behavioral intentions of “Generation X” in Hungary to use mobile payment. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 32, Article 100574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2021.100574

Das, A., & Das, D. (2020). Perception, adoption, and pattern of usage of FinTech services by bank customers: Evidences from Hojai District of Assam. Emerging Economy Studies, 6(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/2394901520907728

Das, S., & Dutta, S. (2019). Digital transactions and the cash culture of India: A survey of consumers and merchants. Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems, 13(4), 298–313.

Dasgupta, S., Bhaduri, S. N., & Roy, S. (2020). Financial literacy and its impact on financial inclusion: A study of rural India. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 16(4), 125–146.

Dubey, R., & Ali, S. S. (2014). Identification of flexible manufacturing system dimensions and their interrelationship using total interpretive structural modelling and fuzzy MICMAC analysis. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 15, 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-014-0058-9

Dwivedi, Y. K., Janssen, M., Slade, E. L., Rana, N. P., Weerakkody, V., Millard, J., Hidders, J., & Snijders, D. (2017). Driving innovation through big open linked data (BOLD): Exploring antecedents using interpretive structural modelling. Information Systems Frontiers, 19, 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-016-9675-5

Dzogbenuku, R. K., Amoako, G. K., Kumi, D. K., & Bonsu, G. A. (2021). Digital payments and financial wellbeing of the rural poor: The moderating role of age and gender. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 34(2), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2021.1917468

Gan, C., Lee, T. S., & Wang, W. (2019). Exploring the determinants of mobile payment adoption: A social network perspective of small businesses. Information Systems Frontiers, 21(4), 839–853.

Garg, R., & Sharma, N. (2021). Digital financial inclusion in India: A review of barriers and opportunities. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 26(1), 22–33.

Gerlach, J. M., & Lutz, J. K. T. (2021). Digital financial advice solutions – evidence on factors affecting the future usage intention and the moderating effect of experience. Journal of Economics and Business, 117, Article 106009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2021.106009

Gupta, S., & Pandit, D. (2020). Examining the adoption of fintech services: A study of Indian consumers. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 25(2), 71–82.

Haqqi, F. R., & Suzianti, A. (2020). Exploring risk and benefit factors affecting user adoption intention of Fintech in Indonesia. In Proceedings of the 3rd Asia Pacific Conference on Research in Industrial and Systems Engineering, 2020. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.1145/3400934.3400939

Hassan, M. S., Islam, M. A., Sobhani, F. A., Nasir, H., Mahmud, I., & Zahra, F. T. (2022). Drivers influencing the adoption intention towards mobile fintech services: A study on the emerging Bangladesh Market. Information, 13(7), Article 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13070349

HT Tech. (2022). India to have over 800 million smartphone users by 2022: Cisco study. https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/india-to-have-over-800-million-smartphone-users-by-2022-cisco-study-story-nnYnDOiY6nulyiKRaZRsDP.html

Hu, Z., Ding, S., Li, S., Chen, L., & Yang, S. (2019). Adoption intention of fintech services for bank users: An empirical examination with an extended technology acceptance model. Symmetry, 11(3), Article 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11030340

Huei, C. T., Cheng, L. S., Seong, L. C., Khin, A. A., & Leh Bin, R. L. (2018). Preliminary study on consumer attitude towards fintech products and services in Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (UAE), 7(2), 166–169. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13310

Janssen, M., Luthra, S., Mangla, S., Rana, N. P., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2019). Challenges for adopting and implementing IoT in smart cities: An integrated MICMAC-ISM approach. Internet Research, 29(6), 1589–1616. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-06-2018-0252

Jha, A., Sindhwani, R., Dwivedi, A., & Saddikuti, V. (2022). Sustainable recovery for digital entrepreneurs with shared resources: Enablers, challenges and solutions. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 16(3), 515–537. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-05-2021-0214

Karim, S., Rabbani, M. R., Bashar, A., & Hunjra, A. I. (2022). Fintech innovation and its application in Islamic banking from Pakistan. In M. K. Hassan, M. R. Rabbani, & M. Rashid (Eds.), FinTech in Islamic financial institutions: Scope, challenges, and implications in Islamic finance (pp. 157–174). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14941-2_8

Karjaluoto, H., Mattila, M., & Pento, T. (2015). Factors underlying attitude formation towards mobile banking services. Journal of Marketing Communications, 21(2), 117–133.

Khan, M. A., Saleem, F., & Malik, S. A. (2019). Determinants of mobile money adoption by low-income individuals in Pakistan. Information Technology for Development, 25(1), 159–184.

Kim, D., & Lee, K. (2020). Barriers to digital financial inclusion for the urban poor: A case study of South Korea. Sustainability, 12(18), Article 7635. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093505

Kim, Y., Park, Y.-J., Choi, J., & Yeon, J. (2015). An empirical study on the adoption of “Fintech” service: Focused on mobile payment services. Advanced Science and Technology Letters, 114, 136–140. https://doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.114.26

Kshetri, N., & Mishra, A. (2018). Factors affecting adoption of mobile money by micro and small enterprises (MSEs). Journal of Business Research, 86, 272–280.

Kumar, S., Luthra, S., Govindan, K., Kumar, N., & Haleem, A. (2016). Barriers in green lean six sigma product development process: An ISM approach. Production Planning & Control, 27(7–8), 604–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2016.1165307

Laidroo, L., & Avarmaa, M. (2020). Therole of location in FinTech formation. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 32(7–8), 555–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2019.1675777

Lee, Y., & Turban, E. (2001). A trust model for consumer internet shopping. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2001.11044227

Maniar, S. (2019). Financial literacy and digital financial services adoption: A study of low-income households in India. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37(3), 750–768.

Mathur, H. P. (2022). Conceptual development of factors driving Fintech adoption by farmers. PURUSHARTHA – A Journal of Management, Ethics and Spirituality, 15(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.21844/16202115103

Medhi, D., Dey, A., & Bhattacharyya, A. (2021). Adoption of fintech by SMEs in India: A theoretical framework. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 26(2), 228–245.

Muñoz-Leiva, F., Climent-Climent, S., & Liébana-Cabanillas, F. (2017). Determinantes de la intención de uso de las aplicacionesdebanca para móviles: unaextensión del modelo TAM clásico. Spanish Journal of Marketing – ESIC, 21(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjme.2016.12.001

Nambiar, R., & Omar, A. (2018). Factors influencing the adoption of fintech among small business owners in Malaysia. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 24(4), 731–752. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2017-0256

Nathan, R. J., Setiawan, B., & Quynh, M. N. (2022). Fintech and financial health in Vietnam during the COVID-19 pandemic: In-depth descriptive analysis. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(3), Article 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15030125

Nayak, S., Suhan, M., Nayak, R., Spulbar, C., Birau, R., & Gull, S. M. (2021). Antecedents to purchase intention in virtual market space in India: An empirical investigation. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1), Article 2003502. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.2003502

Nguyen, D. D., Nguyen, Th. D., Nguyen, T. D., & Nguyen, H. V. (2021). Impacts of perceived security and knowledge on continuous intention to use mobile Fintech payment services: An empirical study in Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8, 287–296.

Ouma, S. A., Odongo, T. M., & Were, M. (2018). Mobile money and financial inclusion in Kenya: The role of accessibility and financial literacy. International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets, 10(2), 157–175.

Patil, P. P., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Rana, N. P. (2017). Digital payments adoption: An analysis of literature. In Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society. I3E 2017: Digital Nations – Smart Cities, Innovation, and Sustainability (pp. 61–70). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68557-1_7

Rana, N. P., Barnard, D. J., Baabdullah, A. M., Rees, D., & Rode­rick, S. (2019). Exploring barriers of m-commerce adoption in SMEs in the UK: Developing a framework using ISM. International Journal of Information Management, 44, 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.10.009

Ratna, V. V. (2020). Conceptualizing Internet of Things (IoT) model for improving customer experience in the retail industry. International Journal of Management, 11(5), 973–981.

Salman, A., & Abd Aziz, A. (2015). Evaluating user readiness towards digital society: A Rasch measurement model analysis. Procedia Computer Science, 65, 1154–1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.09.028

Samartha, V., Shenoy Basthikar, S., Hawaldar, I. T., Spulbar, C., Birau, R., & Filip, R. D. (2022). A study on the acceptance of mobile-banking applications in India – Unified theory of acceptance and sustainable use of technology model (UTAUT). Sustainability, 14(21), Article 14506. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114506

Saxena, A., & Tripathi, S. N. (2021). Exploring the security risks and safety measures of mobile payments in fintech environment in India. International Journal of Management, 12(2), 408–417.

Setiawan, B., Nugraha, D. P., Irawan, A., Nathan, R. J., & Zoltan, Z. (2021). User innovativeness and Fintech adoption in Indonesia. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030188

Shaikh, I. M., Qureshi, M. A., Noordin, K., Shaikh, J. M., Khan, A., & Shahbaz, M. S. (2020). Acceptance of Islamic financial technology (FinTech) banking services by Malaysian users: An extension of technology acceptance model. Foresight, 22(3), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-12-2019-0105

Shi, Y., Siddik, A. B., Masukujjaman, M., Zheng, G., Hamayun, M., & Ibrahim, A. M. (2022). The antecedents of willingness to adopt and pay for the IoT in the Agricultural Industry: An application of the UTAUT 2 Theory. Sustainability, 14(11), Article 6640. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116640

Singh, J., Yadav, R., & Sharma, M. (2020). Understanding mobile banking adoption behavior of rural customers: A study using UTAUT2 model. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 25(3), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-020-00074-w

Singh, N., & Srivastava, M. (2021). Fintech adoption among street vendors in India: A study of perceived benefits, risk and trust. International Journal of Electronic Business, 18(2), 107–129.

Singh, S. K., Singh, S. S., & Singh, V. L. (2023). Predicting adoption of next generation digital technology utilizing the adoption-diffusion model fit: The case of mobile payments interface in an emerging economy. ACCESS Journal: Access to Science, Business, Innovation in Digital Economy, 4(1), 130–148. https://doi.org/10.46656/access.2023.4.1(10)

Singh, S., Sahni, M. M., & Kovid, R. K. (2020). What drives FinTech adoption? A multi-method evaluation using an adapted technology acceptance model. Management Decision, 58(8), 1675–1697. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-09-2019-1318

Sivathanu, B. (2017). Adoption of digital payment systems in the era of demonetization in India: An empirical study. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 10(1), 143–171. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-07-2017-0033

Slazus, B. J., & Bick, G. (2022). Factors that influence FinTech adoption in South Africa: A study of consumer behaviour towards branchless mobile banking. Athens Journal of Business & Economics, 8(1), 43–64. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajbe.8-1-3

Spulbar, C., Anghel, L. C., Birau, R., Ermiș, S. I., Treapăt, L.-M., & Mitroi, A. T. (2022). Digitalization as a factor in reducing poverty and its implications in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 14(17), Article 10667. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710667

Srivastava, S., & Vishnani, S. (2021). Determinants of mobile bank usage among the bank users in North India. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 26(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-020-00083-9

Sultana, N., Rahman, M., & Hasan, M. (2021). Factors affecting the adoption of fintech in developing countries: A review of the literature. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(6), 65–77.

Tat-Huei, C., Suet Cheng, L., Chee Seong, L., Aye Khin, A., & Ling Leh Bin, R. (2018). Preliminary study on consumer attitude towards fintech products and services in Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7, 166–169. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13310

Tripathi, S. N., Srivastava, S., & Vishnani, S. (2022). Mobile wallets: Achieving intention to recommend by brick and mortar retailers. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 30(2), 240–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2021.1925920

Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186–204. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926

Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, F. D., & Davis, G. B. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425–478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540

Wang, D., Liang, J., & Wang, Y. (2020). What affects the intention to use digital wallets? A study of the theory of reasoned action and trust. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 19(5), 496–508.

World Bank. (2018). India: Harnessing digital technology. World Bank.

Yang, K. C., Chou, C., & Yang, C. C. (2012). A two-factor theory for website analysis and redesign for mobile compatibility. Decision Support Systems, 53(3), 583–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2012.04.009

Zhou, T., Lu, Y., & Wang, B. (2019). Explaining mobile payment service adoption from the perspectives of trust and habit. Internet Research, 29(1), 54–74.